The Identification of Bambusa Sp

The identification of Bamboo using various PCR and Sequencing Techniques Abstract Often the wrong(p) bamboo species is sold to unsuspecting customers at shops. This offer have a disastrous effect on their garden. Three separate and unknown Bamboo leaf samples were taken and were ask to be distinguished familialally from one another. Using ITS-PCR desoxyribonucleic acid amplification techniques, the ITS locality DNA was amplified and used in PCR-RFLP and RAPD PCR in order to determine the genetic identity of each sample. Sequencing was performed, and results allowed us to distinguish between samples (to a certain extent. ) IntroductionBamboos be a group of woody perennial green installs (Wikipedia et al. 2006) that are found in many parts of the world. There are 91 genera and about 1,000 species of bamboo (Wikipedia et al. 2006). They are found in diverse climates, from cold mountains to hot equatorial regions. Bamboo is a passing desirable plant grown for many reasons in plan tations and gardens around the world. Many reasons it is grown are that it is a beautiful ornamental plant with unique properties. Bamboo is also an extremely strong plant that is light it is used in many building applications for floorboards, and is also often used in article of furniture making.There are a number of taller growing species that are effective at blocking out the eyes of pepping toms and nosy neighbors. There are both main forms of bamboo, each form describing the way in which the bamboo itself spreads. These are known as clumping (monopodial) and reckoningning (sympodial) forms. (Wikipedia et al. 2006) Clumping bamboo species tend to spread underground slowly. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread this is related to both the species and the soil and climate conditions. Some can send out runners several metres a year, season others can stay in the same general area for long periods.If neglected, they can be invasive over time and c an cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. The reputation of bamboo as being highly invasive is often exaggerated, and situations where it has taken over large areas is often the result of years of untended or neglected plantings. Many invasive bamboo species are often sold, unsuspectingly to people, who plant them without realizing this. The result of this is the complete takeover of ones garden. Some species of bamboo can grow at a tremendous rate, some at over 36inches (90cm) a day, providing it is provided with ideal conditions (OneEarth, 2006).Plant Biosecurity breaches often occur when bamboo plants are imported with incorrect or glowering labeling, often in an attempt to bring illegal ornamental species in to the country for indoor use. This black market operation is a serious menace to native species of plants, and, if a threatening sympodial bamboo species is imported and planted in place of a monopodial (which is preferred, as they do not spread), serious damage to native forests and grasslands can occur (NGIA, 2006). Some of the techniques that can be used to identify to a species level are PCR-ITS, RAPD, and PCR-RFLP.These will be used to identify our unknown samples of bamboo. ram To identify, to a species level, using nucleotide analysis and sequencing techniques, three unknown samples of bamboo. Materials For DNA extraction 3 Unknown Bamboo Samples (Leaves) Mortar and Pestle Liquid Nitrogen Quiagen Dneasy DNA origin Kit Centrifuge tubes Pipettes and Tips Ice and Esky Quantification of DNA Well Combs (10uL) rise up UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and TipsFor ITS based PCR 5uL of extracted DNA 5x Reaction buffer MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water) DNTPs (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP) PCR Machine MgCl2 Centrifuge Tubes Pipettes and Tips For RAPD-PCR ITS-PCR DNA product 5x Reaction buffer MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water) MgCl2 Primers OPM-01 and OPM- 17 Wells Well Combs (10uL) UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and Tips For ITS-RFLP ITS-PCR DNA product Enzymes Hha1 and Rsa1 buffer Red (Rsa1) Buffer C (Hha1) MilliQ (Ultra Pure Water)Wells Well Combs (10uL) UV Transilluminator Agarose Tris Borate EDTA Ethidium Bromide Loading Dye Centrifuge Tubes Gel Tank (To run agarose gel electrophoresis) Pipettes and Tips Methods DNA Extraction and Purification Quiagen Dneasy Kit ITS-RFLP ITS Region is a particular sequence of DNA which is present in all organisms. It is a region, in between each greenness sequence, contains DNA that is highly conserved and unique amongst a particular species, and is thus not used to translate into proteins. Enzymes are used to restrict or fare the DNA at certain points.The location of the cuts depends on nucleotide sequence that the enzyme recognizes. The number of nucleotides in sequence determi nes size of the restricted piece of DNA in base pairs (BP). ITS-PCR This is done to amplify the ITS region DNA which is highly conserved and unique to each individual species Primers ITS 1 and ITS 4 are used because the ITS region (18s, 5. 8s and 28s regions) are common in all organisms. The region in between the 18s and 28s is the region that is highly conserved and unique to any given species. Added to Master coalesce (containing buffer solution) PCRd ITS Region DNA is amplified out RAPDRAPD Primers OPM-01 and OPM-17 are added to the ITS-PCR DNA product and where are given a genetic fingerprint of the DNA. HOW, WHEN, WHAT, WHERE, WHO? What was done? comfortable detail for repetition by others Results (facts only) (2) HOW, WHEN, WHAT, WHERE? What was found? Presentation of results as simply and clearly as possible Figures to present data and concepts clearly and concisely (a moving-picture show is worth 1000 words) Types of figures photographs, drawings, tables, graphs Numerical data as tables or graphs (graphs preferred) Text to point out trends (not repeat information in figures) Discussion (3) WHY, WHAT, WHO?What does it mean? reading of results relative to the hypothesis or aim Comparison with work of others References (6) WHO? List of all references cited in text http//www. bonsai-bci. com/species/bamboo. html Sabrina Caine Last limited accessed 01/06/06 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bamboo wikipedia last modified 27/05/06 accessed 01/06/06 http//www. 1earth. com. au/collect/wicker_furniture. html last modified 27/05/06 accessed 01/06/06 1Earth Antiques and Appraisals http//www. ngia. co. nz/news/507bamboo. php Nursing and Garden Industry Association (NGIA) Wellington, New Zealand Accessed 01/06/06 Updated

Case Study – Jetblue Airlines

February 20, 2013 JetBlue ancestryways Corporation Case Study Report Situation Analysis History JetBlue Airways Corporation was created my David Neeleman. His vision was to create an inexpensive, easy way to transit by airplane. He was quoted saying he wants to bring humanity back to air hold up. David Neeleman was already a seasoned entrepreneur. Two years later on dropping give away of the University of Utah he established his own business by renting pop out condominiums in Hawaii. Soon after he established his own travel agency and began chartering flights from Salt Lake City to the islands to bring in to a greater extent prospective invitees to rent his condos.In 1984 Neeleman joined forces with June Morris, who owned a large corporate travel agency in Utah, to bring to the world a confederation known as Morris Air. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2011) Success followed and the company was bought by Southwest Airlines for $129 Million. Soon after the sale of Morris Air Nee leman pioneered the use of at home reservation agents. By using their homes as offices the reservation agents were saving money by lowering smash-up expenses. He excessively developed the stolon electronic ticketing system in the skyway industry. JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2011) Neeleman became the executive vice president for Southwest but realized it wasnt a not bad(predicate) fit. He signed a five year noncompete agreement and was on his way. During his five year agreement he developed the electronic ticketing system he had initiated at Morris Air into one of the worlds easiest airline reservation systems. He called it Open Skies. He then sold this innovation to Hewlett-Packard in 1999. in conclusion in 1999 the noncompete agreement had reached its expiration and Neeleman launched his own airline.He raised the needed capital with ease and JetBlue became the highest-funded scoop up airline in aviation history. JetBlue commenced operations in August 2000. For a start up ba se JetBlue chose John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2011)The company relied on electronic reservation and ticketing to keep be down. JetBlue was of the first airline companies to issue laptop computers instead of manuals to their pilots. One of their highest selling bakshishs aside from price was the in-flight cheer. The airbus A320s ere complete with 24 live satellite broadcasts (including A&E, fauna Planet, CNBC, ESPN, the Food Network, Home & Garden, and the Weather Channel) at e rattling seat. This kind of entertainment was of the first among airlines. Airlines typically aired taped shows or movies. To help keep be down the airline provided no meals but did offer gourmet blue potato chips and soda. The seats were equipped with to a greater extent leg room and were all leather with larger overhead storage com partitioningments. Business grew rapidly in JetBlues first year of operations.Reservation agents were receiving calls of up to 1 2,000 a day and still the company was interlocking 40% online. In 2001 JetBlue opened a second base in California at Long Beach Airport. JetBlue grew over the years to serve more than 52 destinations in 21 states, Puerto Rico, Columbia, Mexico and the Caribbean. In 2008 they added services to Puerto Plata and St. Marteen. In 2009 they started serving Bogota, Columbia, San Jose, Costa Rica, Montego Bay and Jamaica. In 2007 JetBlue announced that they were entering into an agreement with Aer Lingus, and Irish move over carrier, to facilitate easy transfers for both airlines customers.Unlike traditional code-share alliances, customers could not make one reservation for both airlines if need be. They would keep to make two reservations instead. Then altogether 8 days later, JetBlue announced a code-share agreement with Cape Air. customers would be able to purchase seats on both airlines under one reservation. A much better fit for convenience. JetBlues growth was becoming harder to fund due to competitive pricing and high fuel prices amongst other growing costs. On February 14, 2007 an in timet besidesk place that would shake the solid, well funded company to its knees.Not only costing Neeleman his position in a company that he created, it destroyed the companies reputation for good customer relations. There was a terrible draw headed towards the East coast and while all other airlines took the proper precautions and canceled their flights JetBlue in all their stubbornness did not. When the storm hit it was worse than expected and JetBlues customers were left isolated planes for 7 hours or more. David Neeleman when interviewed about this fearful turn of events said Things spiraled out of control. We did a horrible job we got ourselves into a ituation where we were doing rolling cancellations instead of a massive cancellation. Communications broke down, we werent able to reach out to passengers and they continued to arrive at the airports it had a cascad ing effect. It took the organization more than a week to get the situation under control. This is where The Customer Bill of Rights came in. It basically outlined self-imposed penalties for JetBlue and major rewards for its passengers if the airline experienced operational problems and could not adjust to weather-related conditions indoors a reasonable amount of time.In 2007 the company reported a $76 Million loss with a primary reason being rising fuel costs. JetBlue remains profitable, posting a net income of $128 Million for 2012. JetBlues CEO and President, Dave Barger said 2012 was a very good year. (Corporation, 2013) Mission JetBlue Airways does not operate under a traditional mission statement. Instead they use a set of center values. Those core values are as follows * SAFETY * CARING * INTEGRITY * FUN * PASSION These five things are best described as the JetBlue experience. (John W.Kelly for KR Consulting, 2008) (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) Corporate Strategy Ther e are two new strategies that have been developed for JetBlue Airways a growth strategy and an efficiency strategy. Both strategies have been created out of internal and external analysis. The growth strategys primary goal is to give in advantage of recent mergers and failures within the airline industry. When companies merge it takes away slightly of the competition. Failures in other companies create opportunities for JetBlue to step in and create new business. (John W.Kelly for KR Consulting, 2008) (Corporation, 2013) The efficiency strategy is developed based on the organizations position within the low-cost segment of the airline industry. To reach this goal an extensive internal analysis is performed with a careful look at the working class force as well as an analysis of the leafy vegetable fuel prices/purchasing. (John W. Kelly for KR Consulting, 2008) Strengths and Weaknesses of JetBlue Airways Strengths Strong brand recognition and their services are competitive. If yo u consider revenue passenger miles JetBlue is the ordinal largest passenger carrier in the United States and is a widely recognized global brand.The company has received several awards such as Top belittled Cost Airline for Consumer Satisfaction seven years in a row and likewise Best Coach Class Experience, Most Customer Friendly Airline and Best Value Airline Domestic for 2011. JetBlue is also known for their spacious seating and live satellite TV. The Customer Bill of Rights is also a key player in the companies strengths. It was created with meaning and specific compensation for customer inconvenienced by service disruptions within JetBlues control.Another service offered only by JetBlue is an expedited security experience in over 30 cities and they call it Even More Speed. JetBlue utilizes their aircraft most efficiently to have the ability to spread its dogged costs over a greater number of flights and available seat miles and they do this by using Airbus A320 planes for th e majority of their business. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) Weaknesses JetBlue has an extreme amount of high amend obligations. In 2011 JetBlue had a debt of $3. 14 billion and it accounted for 64% of its total capitalization.As the years go on and the company grows its debt will only grow as well. ultimately their high level of debt could make it difficult to grow the business further because of lack of funding. That in turn would put the company below their competitors who could find it easier to undertake necessary funding. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) Opportunities An obvious opportunity for JetBlue is expansion in the travel industry. This specific industry has incessantly fluctuated in the past but, it is expected to grow aggressively in the years to come.According to The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), airline travel is said to double over the next 20 years. In 2011 about 815 billion nation or seats sold is expected to increase of the next two decades to numbers close to 1. 57 trillion. That is an average growth rate of approximately 3. 2% per year. Being the sixth largest passenger carrier in the US, JetBlue is in a good position to expect a growth like that as well. JetBlue has also put effort in to making business relationships with Asia. The pace of the economy as a whole is slowing but Asian economies have remained strengthened domestically.Cathay peace-loving is the home carrier of Hong Kong. In 2012 JetBlue announced an interline agreement with this company. This agreement will link each others network between Asia Pacific and the Americas. JetBlue also announced a codeshare agreement with Japan Airlines to offer nonstop service to Tokyos Narita International Airport. For this reason JetBlues grow partnerships with major Asain airlines will help further strengthen its network and expand their services. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) (Corporation, 2013) Threats The absolute biggest threat to JetBlue is the rising c osts of aircraft fuel.Throughout history fuel costs have fluctuated out of the control of companies such as JetBlue. The costs vary widely and are unpredictable at best. In 2011 fuel costs represented near 40% of JetBlues total operating costs. Another threat is stringent governmental regulation. In the airline industry companies are subject to extensive regulative and legal compliance requirements that result in significant costs. It is also very expensive for the company to keep their current certificates. Lastly there will always be intense competition in this industry.As a tradition the industry is typically dominated by the giants such as United Air Lines, Delta Air Lines, American Airlines, Southwest Airlines and US Airways. Because of their size and power, some of these companies may be better suited for necessary funding. They may also receive more well-heeled fuel prices due to volume of sales. Intense competition could lead to price wars which could negatively affect th e company. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) Identification of Problem(s) and Their Core Elements The first problem with JetBlue is that the company grew too big too fast.The organization was incapable of sustaining this growth both financially and physically with staff, equipment and services. The second problem was/is bad publicity. The airline was well known for majestic customer service and relations but lately they are ranked among the lowest in customer pleasure. JetBlue grew too quickly. In the 1990s there were many a(prenominal) small start-up airlines. Most failed when faced with competition from the major airlines because they were not able to withstand the wage wars. The smaller companies were also at a disadvantage when it came to start up capital and management talent.Because of David Neelemans talent and charisma he was able to acquire an abundance of start up capital which carried the airline through the toughest part of a business, the beginning. Once JetBlue to ok off the company had a difficult time keeping up with its popularity and growth. Technology for one was lacking and it all caught up with the company on Valentines Day in 2007. The company made a few bad decisions and it escalated quickly and their reservation system could not handle the capacity of the situation. Their engine room also failed them when trying to remedy the problem.They were not prepared or ready for something of this magnitude. (Damaraju, 2009) With the growth divergence from the companys original plan was starting to take place. They started off operation only one type of aircraft, an Airbus A320. The strategy be hinder(prenominal) this was to lower training cost and provides a very knowledgeable staff with flexibility in manpower. The airline then included a second type of plane, the Embraer 190 which the staff was not prepared for. Furthermore the company was embarking on even more paths where it did not have the needed experience. (Damaraju, 2009) JetBlue s tarted as an airline for the freshly York leisure traveler.The concern with their expansion is that they dont have the route bodily structure to compete with the majors for the business class travelers. (Farzad & Bachman, 2012) The second problem is bad publicity. The first unfortunate event was the Valentines Day ice storm that left passengers stranded and the company without the proper tools to fix the problem in a timely manner. Customers were outraged as they should have been. The second very public mishap came in August 2010 when a frustrated flight attendant exited the plane using the emergency slide after becoming irate with passengers.And last but sure as shooting not least, when one of their pilots had to be subdued by passengers and forcibly removed from the plane in March of 2012. (Farzad & Bachman, 2012) Because of these unfortunate events JetBlue now ranks last among 15 airlines in on-time performance and ninth in customer complaints to the Department of Transportati on. (Farzad & Bachman, 2012) Those numbers are three times Southwests complaint ratio. Having started out as an airline that wanted to bring humanity back to air travel they seem to be coming up short in the customer service area.That was their biggest client attraction. Evaluation of Alternative Courses of Action The problem of growing too big too fast can easily be evaluated as a hind sight. The company had great aspirations and fell short only by default. Had the company foreseen the events that were to come with the failure in their choice of technology or the mental partitioning of their staff, Im sure they would have done things differently. The costs of their technological errors were somewhere close to $30 million. The costs they endured over their lack of customer satisfaction are immeasurable.For these problems, the alternatives courses of action could only be to revamp their technology and better train staff and let them know the real pressures of their positions. JetBlu e already has a countywide training program for their employees known as JetBlue University. (JetBlue Airways Corporation, 2012) Recommended Solutions Recommended solutions for JetBlues growth from this point moving forward would be first, to monitor and maintain a functional operation-revenue to operating-expense ratio. As with any successful business the operating revenue must be greater than the operating expenses.This ratio will determine the future of JetBlue. (John W. Kelly for KR Consulting, 2008) internally JetBlue should consider how to reduce expenses. The two key players in this particular situation are labor and fuel expenses. Although JetBlue has remained un-unionized, which is imperative in keeping labor costs down there may be more room for improvement in the budget regarding this matter. I suggest a closer look at Management and Airport Operations. These two positions are the furthest from the consumer and have the most employees.The reason behind choosing these par ticular positions is that change in these areas will not promptly affect customer service. These positions need to be examined and see where, if any, the process inefficiencies lie. By doing this the company may be able to cut a few supernumerary positions. Recommendations for best efforts for capping fuel costs are an evaluation of the fuel purchasing agents performance. (John W. Kelly for KR Consulting, 2008) The second recommendation is to take a more aggressive approach like Southwest has and practice more hedging.Recommended solutions for JetBlues failure to provide exceptional customer service would be first to continue to practice and put to use The Customer Bill of Rights and to take a few leads from their competitors. Other airlines do not charge their customers for a pillow and top set. At all costs they should continue with the perks they provide their customers. They may not serve meals but the snacks and sodas are always free. A big selling point for consumers is bag gage fees. JetBlue allows their passengers to have two free bags per flight.That is one more than Southwest. The fact that JetBlue is low cost airline the consumers expect less, i. e. meals and things of the such, so their state of the art entertainment is a welcome surprise for passengers. Implementation Plan To take action on the operation revenue to expense ratio is to start immediately reviewing the labor functions and initiate an additional review every two years. Starting immediately with employee performance reviews, having properly trained employees is a must. Success or failure in this area will be measured in dollars saved.Immediate action considering fuel costs are to hire a congressional lobbyist to help neutralize the merchandise by opening up national strategic reserves as well as encouraging increased domestic petroleum exploration and jet fuel production. Success or failure in this area will also be measured in dollars saved. Works Cited Corporation, J. A. (2013). J etBlue Reports Record Fourth butt and Full Year Revenues. New York PR Newswire. Damaraju, N. L. (2009). JetBlue Airlines Will it Remain Blue? In McGraw-Timmons, Capstone Bus 250s (pp. 13-220). Dallas University of Texas. Farzad, R. , & Bachman, J. (2012). Once High-Flying, JetBlue Returns to Earth. Bloomberg Businessweek , 27-29. JetBlue Airways Corporation. (2012). Company Profile JetBlue Airways Corporation. marketline. com. JetBlue Airways Corporation. (2011). Reference for Business. New York referenceforbusiness. com. John W. Kelly for KR Consulting, L. (2008). Shaping Tomorrows Solutions for JetBlue Airways- A Strategic Analysis. San Fernando Valley University of La Verne.

Spirometry Report Essay

Use your PowerPoint notes, lab book, text book, your data, and the net profit to answer the following questions. All reports must be typed and stapled. All reports must be in your protest words. One student from each group should include the LabTutor-generated data tables and/or graphs.Exercise 1 pneumonic sh are testsRespiratory parameterUnitsExperimental ValuePredicted Value* BPM14TVL0.490LIRVL1.984LERVL0.905LRVL1.45L1. What is the residual mickle and why is it important to normal respiratory function? Residual volume is the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of forced issue It is important to normal respiratory function because it helps to keep the alveoli patent (open) and prevent lung collapse. It ebbs the efficiency of gas throw by diluting the oxygen of the inspired air.2. Briefly describe Spirometry. Spirometry is the most common of the pulmonary function tests, beat lung function, specifically the volume and the flow of air that can be inhaled and exh aled. Spirometry is the most useful for evaluating losses in respiration function and for following the course of certain respiratory disease.3. Explain why the residual volume cannot be deter bited by Spirometry. -Because pirometry can only measure how much air is moving break of or into the lungs, not how much is contained at a particular time.4. You are a Nurse on the job(p) a 1900 to 0700 shift. There are no attending physicians on your service and all the residents are sleeping. One of your patients is demonstrating signs of dyspnea. You call the respiratory service and an RT responds and conducts a PFT (Spirometry)series on your patient. There is a give out with the equipment and the RT tells you that you can only adopt one value Which value do you carry and why? (3 pt).-I choose value the TV Tidal volume, because I would like to know the amount of air inhaled and exhaled with jot under resting conditions of the patients. Exercises 2 & 3 Pulmonary Function Tests Compare the respiratory parameters between normal and phoney obstruction. Recall, we simulated an hindering pulmonary disorder by covering the tube with duct tape and pillow slip an opening in it about the size of a pens diameter. Using the Horizontal calculus controls and the scroll bar, display the data for both normal pulmonary function tests (Exercise 2) and the simulated restricted airway (Exercise 3) for inclusion in your report. NormalRespiratory parameterExperimentalPredictedFVC3.392LPIF214.55L/minPEF237.09L/minFEV12.438LFEV1/FVC71.88%Simulated Airway RestictionRespiratory parameterExperimentalPredictedFVC2.101LPIF24.04L/minPEF26.24L/minFEV10.188LFEV1/FVC8.95%Study Questions5.There are two major categories that lung diseases fall into clogging and Restrictive. Construct a bittie table for each lung condition (obstructive or restrictive) and predict what spirometry parameters that we measured in lab would most apparent be decreased, which parameters would mostlikely be unchan ged, and which parameters (if any) might be increased. (3 pt).ObstructiveRestrictiveFVCnormal or minimally decreased decreasePIFPEFFEV1decreasenormal or minimally decreasedFEV1/FVCdecreaseNormal or increaseTLCNormal or increasedecrease6. Explain the pathologies of Obstructive and Restrictive pulmonary diseases. Include in your discussion why these pathologies result in the signs and symptoms of each disease class. Also get wind at least two conditions associated with each major pulmonary disease class (i.e. Chronic Bronchitis-Obstructive) (3 pt). Obstructive pulmonary diseases have shortness of breath due to difficulty exhaling all the air from the lungs. Because of damage to the lungs or narrowing of the airways inside the lungs, exhaled air comes out more slowly than normal. At the end of a honorable exhalation, an abnormally high amount of air may still linger in the lungs. * Two conditions associated with obstructive pulmonary diseases area) Asthmab) COPD which include the em physema and chronic bronchitis. Restrictive pulmonary diseases cannot fully withdraw their lungs with air. The lungs are restricted from fully expanding. * Two conditions associated with restrictive pulmonary diseases are a) Pneumoniab) Scoliosis7. Describe the physiology of the FEV1/FVC ratio and what is the clinical substance of an abnormal ratio? DO NOT provide the definition of the ratio (3 pt). The significance is that it describes the dominance of how well an individuals lungs can turn over its total volume in 1 second. The clinical significance of an abnormal ratio is8. What values have been affected by simulated airway restriction? FVC9. argon these values the ones you would expect to be altered in real restrictive pulmonary disease? wherefore or why not? (2 pt). Yes. Because we would expect to know the value of the airflow is constantly decreasing, if it was restrictive the volumes and capacities would have been affected more than what it was.10. Based on how the subjec t felt during this lab exercise, what coaching would you give to a patient having an asthma attack in an attempt to get them to move more air. Refer to your Physiology of subsisting lecture notes. This is one of the few times I want to see a direct fiber (3 pt). Using the quick relief inhaler (like the albuterol) as prescribed using a spacer, if it is available.* Shake inhaler, exhale, turf out one puff, inhale, hold breath for 10 seconds, exhale and wait 1 minute. Repeat till at directed dose.* Inhale slowly and deeply when using a spacer. If the patients have no inhaler, keep the patients sedate and encourage breath slowly. Let the patients sit up and breath in slowly through the wander and out through purse slip.

What is American?

the States is a consciousness rather than a culture, a itinerary of life more than a precise political identicalness. Through the decades of immigration and settlement, with its unique characteristics of submerging and adjustment, assimilation and integration, America has become more than just a word for a geographical entity it is a melting pot of diverse streams of humanity with their individual traits morphed into a fused sense of the American way of life. Fugazis lyrics define this perception of the American identity which has magnified into multi-cultural multi-ethnic dimensions beyond the limited parameters of the styleAmerica is just a word but I use it. Language keeps me locked and repeating. (Stacks) What is so unique ab forbidden the different races and cultures coming to America, transforming themselves and causing a metamorphism in the constitution of the country, like insidious ripples on still waters? In this global world, in that respect are umpteen numbers of d isplacements and re-settlements in every farming. Why is it that the American identity is changed because of the influx of people, customs and ideas? It is exemplified in Chestertons wordsIn a word, what is unique is non America but what is called Americanization The British are not trying to Anglicize thousands of french cooks or Italian organ grinders. France is not trying to Gallicize thousands of English trippers or German pris peerlessrs of war. America is the one place in the world where this process, healthy or unhealthy, possible or impossible, is going on. And the processis not internationalization. It would be originalr to say it is the nationalization of the internationalized.It is making a home out of vagabonds and a nation out of exiles. (What is America? ) The American identity is an evolution, originating from the solid foundation of the Bill of Rights to a deep sense of nationalism and openness to change, a fighting spirit coupled with a friendly welcome to diff erent nationalities. From the stars and chevron flag fluttering on American rooftops on Fourth of July to the barbeque on Labor Day, the sedate remembrance of Veterans Day and the Thanksgiving turkey, there is a sense of pride and belonging in the lean American.This nations uniqueness rests on the principle of free will and choice. It is a republic not closeted in theoretical ideology, but actively visible in the food, clothes, languages, religious beliefs and practices and lifestyles of the multi-faceted citizens of America. The American identity is an antithetical blend of internationalism in a nutshell of a nation. It is evidenced in the Italian pasta fragrant with the Indian cumin and the Caribbean peppers it is seen in the combination platter of Japanese sushi with Chinese noodles and Spanish paella.Even the American dinner of pizza is transformed into a multi-cultural multi-cuisine entity with the customization of ingredients and flavors from all parts of the world. The f ree market economy of this nation is a distinctive quality of the American way of life. America is a land of opportunity where be and talent are endorsed, hard work is remunerated, and the sky is the limit for individuals with aspiration and ingenuity. From the Silicon Valley I. T. avenues to the Mid-Western manual(prenominal) industry and the East Coast corporate giants, labor is respected, regardless of the station and type of work.The bus number one wood is greeted with the same friendly welcome as the white-collar executive. Unlike the European, especially the English Work culture, there is no pedigree demanding privilege in the American democracy. For every citizen by birth or choice, America symbolizes a hope for a better future, a dream crystallized to reality by holy hard work and creative vision. There is no specific definition of the American culture, yet when thousands of blissful fans root for the inimitable Yankees or the Dallas Cowboys, one experiences the unmista kable sense of being American.Sometimes, it is just sufficiency to feel the macrocosm of the word than attempt to characterize its identity in the microcosm of a description. And this is invariably true of the American identity in the cosmos of its culture. Works Cited Chesterton, G. K. What is America? What I saw in America. 14 November 2008. http//www. libertynet. org/edcivic/chestame. html Fugazi. Stacks lyrics. 14 November 2008. http//www. mp3lyrics. org/f/fugazi/stacks/

Accused of witchcraft Essay

Parris Why not? Now thither ar no spirits attacking her, for n angiotensin converting enzyme in this room is charge of witchcraft. So let her let go herself cold now, let her pretend she is attacked now, let her faint. (He turns to bloody shame Warren.) Faint figure 3, rascal 85This is when the court first off has the idea of getting bloody shame to prove the other girls are frauds by getting her to pretend to faint. She will not because she is afraid of what the girls will do to her. Or bumnot, for worship of the courtThis is one of the highest summits of tension in the solely looseness because everything and everyone is focused on bloody shame, relying on her in one delegacy or another to either severalize the truth or to lie. But there is so much pressure on Mary that she cant say anything.The pressure builds and builds until Mary cracks then Abigail launches a perfectly timed attack. Just when people are confused about whom to mean Abigail turns on Mary and makes th em believe her.The girls turning on Mary is a dramatically effective protrude in act three. This is because when the girls turn on Mary you feel sorry for her due to the fact she is divide between telling the truth to the court or joining the girls again to prevent them from accusing her.Mary Warren, do you witch her? I say to you, do you send your spirit out?Danforth, Act 3, Page 87When Danforth asks her this doubtfulness Mary snaps and pushes herself away from monitor lizard.Mary Warren, Act 3, page 88This is when Marys delicate relationship with Proctor breaks devour and she will no longer cover for him and put herself at risk from being accused by the rest of the girls.Abigail (Looking about the air, clasping her arms about her as though cold) I I know not. A wind, a cold wind, has come. (Her eyes fall on Mary Warren.)Mary (Terrified, pleading) AbbyMercy (Shivering) Your Honour, I freezeProctor Theyre pretendingHathorne (Touching Abigails hand) She is cold Your Honour , put forward herMercy (Through chattered teeth ) Mary, Do you send this shadow on me?Act 3, Page 87This is when the girls first start to turn on Mary, she is a very fragile person and when they start to turn on her she doesnt know what to do. She was used to pointing the finger of accusation not having it pointed at her and on her own she cant cope. So she betrays the truth and goes back to the safety of the girls and being the accuser not the accused.Mary finally breaks down and accuses Proctor of witchcraft. Fearful for her own life, Mary realizes that the only way to save herself is to accuse Proctor of coercing her into attempting to bowl over the court. In this case the accusation contains some truth Proctor did force Mary Warren into testifying, further in this case the purpose is to promote true justice rather than to dispute it.Elizabeth lying to nurse Proctor is a dramatically effective part in act three because there is a lot of tension when Elizabeth is brought into the court.Miller uses dramatic irony when Elizabeth doesnt know that Proctor has confessed to lechery and that they are testing her to foresee if Proctor was telling the truth. Elizabeth doesnt know that it is Abigail that is being tried and so she lies to protect her keep up but in fact by lying she is in the eyes of the court proving that her conserve is a liar. Miller uses the frustration of Proctor as his wife is lying but there is no way he can tell her that by trying to protect him she is actually getting him into more tip overLook at me, to your own knowledge, has John Proctor ever committed the crime of lechery (In a crisis of skepticism she cannot speak.) Answer my question Is your husband a lecherDanforth, Act 3, page 91You can see by this, that Danforth doesnt give Elizabeth much choice and practically puts the words into her mouth. By saying is your husband a lecher he leaves her no choice but to say no. What kind of cleaning woman would call her husband a leche r in front of a court?(There is a knock. He calls to the door.) Hold (To Abigail.) Turn your back. Turn your back. (To Proctor.) Do likewise. (Both turn their backs- Abigail with indignant slowness) Now let neither of you turn to face goody proctor. No one in this room is to speak one word, or aerodynamic lift a gesture aye or nay. (He turns towards the door, calls.) EnterDanforth, Act 3, Page 90The Audience feel foil because all that Elizabeth has to do is tell the truth and Abigails ruthless revenge will be stop and the truth will be brought to light but there is no way Elizabeth could know this so she does what she thinks is the right thing and tries to protect her husband. In this scene Miller uses dramatic irony very effectively.Danforth makes the trial look fair but in fact gives Elizabeth no choicebut to lie.Danforth Answer my question Is your husband a lecherElizabeth (Faintly) No, sir.Danforth Remove her, Marshal.Proctor Elizabeth, tell the truthDanforth She has spo ken. Remove herProctor (crying out) Elizabeth, I have confessed itAct 3, Page 91This point is the dramatic climax of the square scene because it is the point where Elizabeth finally finds out what she has done, and she is distraught. Hale tries to reason with Danforth when he says, Excellency it is a natural lie to tell this shows that Hale is the voice of reason but for most of the time he is not listened to, like Proctor who spoken sense throughout both are shut out in their ways.To save her husband from accusations of witchcraft, Elizabeth must condemn him for lechery. Miller establishes that Elizabeth is an honest woman who never lies, yet at the moment in which her honesty is most critical she chooses the noble yet practical lie that she believes will defend her husband. As Hale notes, it is a natural lie for Elizabeth Proctor to tell, yet an incredibly ill timed one Elizabeth Proctor chooses dishonesty at the precise moment that her integrity matters the most.Act 3 of The C rucible is so effective because Arthur Miller uses a wide variety of emotions for his characters and a good variety of litigate. One clarified the scene can be rather quiet with just simple conversation and the next wink it can be very chaotic with characters hurling accusations and abuse at each other. The reason this play is so effective is because Miller uses moments of calm as well as moments of extreme action, if it was just action, action, action all the time the audience would become immune to it and the really important parts wouldnt go in your mind as much.Act 3 is relevant to the play as a whole because it is the Act where a lot of important things happen and it is the most dramatic, with a lot of tension and vexation between different characters. It is what the first two acts have been building up to and you could say it is the climax of the whole play.When Arthur Miller wrote the play, The Crucible in 1953 the contemporary audience could relate to the play due to th e media coverage that was occurring at the time.This era was concerned with the political movement of communism the McCarthy trials. The contemporary audience saw Millers play as relevant because of the effect of mass hysteria- the destruction of the community in Salem. Miller matt-up that the play had relevance although he didnt write it for that.The reason why the crucible is still so widely liked even though the witch trials are long gone is because it demonstrates the terrible effects of mass hysteria and what it can do to normally rational people.The story reminds its readers of an ugly blemish on human history. It reminds us that man is not perfect, and that we can make mistakes. However, even with these mistakes, we can cleanse ourselves and purge ourselves by making right what is wrong.

Essay on Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

In more works by Shakespe are, single parents struggle with the difficulties their pip-squeakren cave in, such as Desdemona and her experience in Othello, or Hermia and her baffle in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Issues between parent and barbarian are evident in juncture, but the single parent is a generate, non a father. The poem speculation at Elsinore by Elizabeth Coatsworth embodies the situation between characters, and has hidden morals within the prose. There are many morals and life lessons in settlement, cardinal of which is the effects of poor parenting.In village, randy suppression and privation of parenting lead to the downfall of Gertrude, and her son hamlet. Proper parenting can be defined as caring for children and providing them with shelter, emotional security, food, education, and safety so that they can become successful adults. Gertrude may have had involvement in her husbands murder, and this as such, would qualify her as a poor parent. Her calamit y to respect Hamlets emotions, provide emotional security for her son, and begin mutual trust confirms her as an unfit parent. This behaviour by Gertrude caused Hamlet to be suspicious, and it was his perplexity that brought active his and his gets stopping point.When King Hamlet died, Gertrude quickly remarries Hamlets uncle, Claudius, and the timing of this union is detrimental to the relationship with her son, eliminating all respect Hamlet had for his perplex. Gertrude realizes that her swift reconjugation has greatly affected her son, and doubts that it is no other but the main / His fathers death and our o erhasty marriage (Hamlet, 2.2.57). She realizes the cause for Hamlets new found insanity, but does not react to the situation as a answerable parent would.Hamlet, being witty and quick, refers to his new parents as his uncle-father and aunt-mother (2.2.362) when talking to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This demonstrates that Hamlet has lost respect for nearly(prenom inal) his mother and his uncle. Hamlet tells Horatio that the funeral baked meats / Did c grayly furnish forth the marriage tables (1.2.180) when look ated about the funeral. In a respectful relationship, a mother would have confided in her son before making the choice to re join. Hamlet grieves for his lost father, but Gertrude seems more interested in spying on him. This causes Hamlet to become suspicious.When Gertrudes husband died, she did not mourn his death and she did notprovide emotional security for her son, in the way mothers are supposed to console their children and support them through the tough times by helping them grieve. Gertrude is annoyed by Hamlets depression, and tells him to stop seeking for his noble father in the dust (1.2.70). sort of of comforting Hamlet, she tells him that all that lives must die, fleeting through nature to eternity (1.2.72). She is telling Hamlet to stop weeping over the past, and to move on, when Hamlet misses his father and wants him to return so badly that Hamlet contemplates suicide so that he can be with his father in the next life.Hamlet obviously notices his mothers lack of sorrow, and democracys to himself that a beast that wants discourse of dry land would have mourned longer (1.2.150). Hamlet notices that an animal would mourn longer over a dead love one than his mother did with King Hamlet. This demonstrates that he recognizes the lack of intercourse between them, and that communication between child and parent is an important part of a healthy relationship. Hamlet is left with no one else, and one by one his loves betray his love (Coatsworth, 7). Helping a child grieve and showing empathy for his feelings is the role of a parent. Gertrude failed in this role as Hamlets mother and further exposes herself to his scrutiny.Gertrude sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on her son, demonstrating that she does not trust Hamlet. want is absolutely key to a healthy relationship between mother and son , and can be attributed to beseeming parenting. Without trust, there is no true love, there is no relationship, and as a result, there is no happiness. Gertrude tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to forthwith visit my also much changed son (Hamlet, 2.2.35). She wants to know what Hamlet is doing, whether to cure her curiosity or to barely know what he is plotting.Even if this act was committed out of love, the proper parenting approach would be to ask her son instead of spying on, and to talk with him in a mature, sympathetic and respectful manner. When she does talk to him, she agrees with his antics and asks him what shall she do (3.4.184), but when he is gone, she says that he is as mad as the sea and wind when both recognise which is the mightier (4.1.7). Hamlet realizes that his own mother does not trust him-nor does he trust her- and that his boon companions came as spies (Coatsworth, 12), not friends. This leaves him feeling abandoned and alone as the relationship with h is mother, the onlyparent he has left, has been damaged.Although Hamlets death is not directly caused by Gertrudes early remarriage, failure to help her son mourn, lack of trust and mutual respect, and the suspicion aroused by these acts lead to his expiry. If Gertrude had paid more attention to Hamlet, and not to her own personal affairs, Hamlet may not have been suspicious. Things may not have been so rotten in the state of Denmark (Hamlet, 1.4.94). Gertrudes failure to parent Hamlet and convince him that everything is well leads to a downward spiral which results in the death of many. Gertrude dies a painful death, and only wishes that she would have had an opportunity to say good night to her sweet prince (Coatsworth, 20).Children result always push the limits with their parents, seeing what give make them give in, or what will make them start with anger. Every child has does it, and every parent deals with it. It is part of life, but in the end, proper parenting will prevai l, and the children will grow up knowing that they may have their own children. This is evident in Hamlet, by Shakespeare, and hypothesis at Elsinore by Elizabeth Coatsworth. Hamlet will never have children, because of Gertrudes failure to properly parent, which eventually leads to the demise of both mother and son. This failure could be prevented, but many factors end up swaying the final decision, and Gertrude is the causal agency for the demise of both Hamlet and Gertrude.Women are twice as likely as men to birth from depression. This is because of the high levels of hormones during periods such as birthing a child and menopause. The latter of the two is the reason for Gertrudes depression, and specifically leads to a failure in parenting. That is why Gertrude hurried with most wicked speed, to post with such manual dexterity to incestuous sheets (Hamlet, 1.2.157). This horrendous act committed by Gertrude can be classified as a failure in parenting. Gertrude forces her son t o live with the reality that his uncle has become his father, which, on her part is a heedless and impetuous act. With the loss of her husband, it would be proper for Gertrude to fully mourn her deceased husband. Before remarrying, a mother should join with her son in the grieving process, to show that thefather in the family would be missed.The ten phases of grieving ensure that a person can accept and affirm reality, a stage that Gertrude achieves far too quickly. She skips a few steps on the way, and knows that Hamlets rash actions can be blamed on no other but the main his fathers death and our oerhasty marriage (2.2.56). While some steps are missed, some are taken too far. Depression and loneliness is a stage Gertrude botches, as it is a stage where family members find communication difficult. Instead of moving on to the next stage, Gertrude lingers around loneliness and depression, which eventually brings her to marry Claudius. Gertrude does not erupt with emotions, or is ne ver overcome with anger at anyone for the misfortune brought on old Hamlet. Ultimately, Gertrude reached the final step of the ten stages, but disregarded many rules on the way, resulting in poor communication between mother and son.Communication is essential to proper parenting, and this is where Gertrude failed. A lack of communication between mother and son can distance a relationship. To state that Gertrude has communication issues would be to grossly underestimate-she does not advertise at all. The love between mother and son had been established, but one by one Hamlets loves betrayed his love(Coatsworth 8). Instead of instantly jumping into marriage with a dead husbands brother, a parent must talk to their child about what their feelings are. Gertrude should have told Hamlet that she had a desire to find another man, so that Hamlet would have been prepared for what was coming. Gertrude sent Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to extract information from Hamlet, instead of talking to her son in person. In Gertrudes final seconds of her life she calls for her dear Hamlet (Hamlet, 5.2.314), the only person she really loves.Gertrude chooses to address her only son in her dying seconds, when the conversation should have taken place long before. All of the miscommunication leads to the demise of both Gertrude and Hamlet. On his deathbed, Hamlet knows that life will probably be better after death, as his biological father will not deceive him in heaven. Hamlets mother has left him with nothing, and even though Hamlet did not plan on dying, he wished that the Everlasting had not fixed his cannon gainst self-slaughter(1.2.131-132)Depression, loneliness, improper grieving, and miscommunication lead to the failure of parenting. Hamlet was not crazy hewas simply confused and misunderstood. Gertrudes selfish choices hurt Hamlet, and showed Hamlet that his mother no longer cared about the welfare of her son. If Gertrude had used proper parenting skills, things may not have been so rotten in the state of Denmark(1.4.94). Denmark would not have to say good night to their sweet prince (Coatsworth 20). plant life CitedCoatsworth, Elizabeth. Meditation at Elsinore.Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. John Crowther. New York Spark Group, 2003.

An Exploration of the ways Shakespeare dramatises Essay

Shakespe ares portrayal of teenage experience in Romeo and Juliet is i of the most well known and often imitated in existence, and this is because of how well he captures some of its aspects the idea of first love, isolation and rebellion but with abounding melodrama and exaggeration to gather it the basis for entertainment on stage.Despite being written nearly fractional a millennia ago, Shakespeares play is still studied in schools today because so much of the battleground matter is still relevant the star crossed lovers are as much at place in modern Miami in Baz Luhrmans film adaptation as they are in feudal Verona and while the details may have changed, Romeo and Juliet would lead us to conclude that teenage experience in particular has many of the same elements now as it did in Shakespearean times. Romeo and Juliet are a fit of love-struck teenagers trapped between their desire to be together and the long and bloody feud between their families. save the play begins a s Romeo is pining for another girl he professes to be in love with, Rosaline. She represents the petrarchan nonsuch an unattainable woman Romeo idolises and rarefies, who his love for is unrequited a direct contrast with the immediate mutual eroticism he and Juliet share. Here, Shakespeare chooses to depict teenage love as melodramatic, superficial and fickle. Romeo seems to almost obsess over Rosaline, though only upon her good looks and the fact that she has decided to remain chaste despite his advances upon her.In scene one and only(a) of Act one, Romeo bombards Benvolio with a torrent of oxymorons O brawling love, O loving hate to describe the depression and wound up turmoil his love for Rosaline is cau drop the ballg inside him, a girl whom he barely knows but says is overflowing in beauty. Romeo describes being in love as being a weight upon him, in act one scene one love is a heavy lightness and a fledge of lead, and then in scene four before entering the Capulets masked goon he says he has a soul of lead.In spite of this, later when he sneaks into the Capulets garden to see Juliet, he describes himself as having loves light wings further distinguish his love for Juliet against his previous feelings for Rosaline, showing this is a different, higher form of love. In a moment of staminate camaraderie, Mercutio jokes with Romeo, implying the heavy weight he feels is that which lovers feel on each other during intercourse, and suggests he borrow cupids wings.After he meets Juliet the language he uses changes, and becomes far less coarse and less fraught(p) with innuendo later, they talk in sonnet and rhyme each others lines in club to show there is a deeper connection between them. As they share their first kiss, both Romeo and Juliets speech becomes rich with religious imagery For saints have hands that pilgrims hands do touch, and cover to palm is holy palmers kiss presenting their love here as something spiritual and sacred, and after t he kiss Romeo even says my sin is purged, likening it to a divine and religious experience.The idea of love is shown from a completely different linear perspective in act one scene two, as Capulet and Count Paris discuss arranging a marriage between him and Juliet. Capulet shows a level of kindness and understanding which he seems to lose later in the play, as he says it is Juliets decision whether she marries and that it would be a mistake for her to marry so young, in any case soon marred are those early made although this could mean spoiled by childbirth, increasing the period to which Juliet is treated like an object in the conversation.Paris comes off as being rather shamelessly lecherous, as he protests Capulet stating that Juliet is a child and too young to be married by utter Younger than she are happy mothers made. Even without the war between their families, it is clear that there are heavy societal constraints burdening both Romeo and Juliet, especially regarding the ir births with their parents. Juliet doesnt get along with her mother, and when in the play she is told she must marry Paris she pleads with her mother to try and stop it she is met with a withering verbal blow, Talk not to me, for Ill not speak a wordI have done with thee. Clearly her relationship with her mother isnt very strong, unlike her relationship with her have got. In Act three scene one Lady Capulet asks the make to fetch Juliet so she may broach the subject of marriage with her, and it is obvious from the nurses fawning over Juliet and the way she talks or so her that they are much closer than Juliet and her mother, and the nurse says I might live to see thee married once, I have my wish. vocalising an ambition usually held by a mother to see her own daughter married, making the disparity between Lady Capulets cold and clinical appraisal of the situation and the nurses bawdy, vulgar one even more noticeable. The nurse is snug and kind and has a penchant for making coarse remarks and often makes them without realising it, when Lady Capulet says marrying Paris will make Juliet no less the nurse agrees saying No less? Nay, bigger Women grow by men. She is a role model for Juliet and gives her advice and counsel, but her irresponsibility is shown when after goading Juliet on with her relationship with Romeo and facilitating their marriage, following Romeos exile she completely changes her mind and advises Juliet to marry Paris Since the case stands as now it doth, I count it best you married with the County She realises she has made a mistake encouraging Juliet and had not fully thought about the consequences.Romeo shares a similar relationship with Friar Lawrence, except more of one of two close friends than a father and son. Romeo is never on stage with either of his parents at any time during the play his absence seizure demonstrates both an inability to communicate and show of teenage rebellion. He rejects them and the society and responsib ilities they represent in favour of the Friars advice which while often more sensible than the Nurses and driven by his naiveti in hoping to unite the families by encouraging Romeo and Juliet to marry, is still irresponsible.