Magnetic Tape Essay

Magnetic magnetic watchline is a average for magnetised record, do of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow miscue of plastic film. It was developed in Germ any(prenominal), based on magnetic cable recording. Devices that record and play back audio and video utilise magnetic tape are tape recorders and video tape recorders. A wrench that stores computing machine info on magnetic tape is a tape drivOver years, magnetic tape can suffer from deterioration called sticky-shed syndrome. Ca drilld by engrossment of moisture into the binder of the tape, it can render the tape unusable. MeritsCapacity* 1 of the key advantages of magnetic tape is its capacity for holding entropy. Magnetic tape was the first medium able to hold a feature-length movie on a small, inexpensive doodad, thus enabling the home video grocery store of the 1980s. In addition, compact cassettes can hold music on both(prenominal) sides, giving them a 90-minute total playing condemnation, whic h is even greater than virtually CDs. switch* Magnetic tape is also easy to edit use a traditional linear-editing system. This can involve duplicating a portion of a tape to a master reel, or physically cutting the tape and attaching the desired portions together with glue, splicing cement or adhesive tape. Editing in this manner requires no special computer equipment and may be less expensive and/or easier to learn than nonlinear digital editing.DEMERITS genesis Loss* One of the disadvantages of magnetic tape is generation loss, which refers to the fact that to each one successive copy of a tape loses quality compared to the real. This can posit it difficult to use magnetic tape for editing-intensive projects, or when extremely laid-back fidelity is important. Digital media, on the other hand, can be copied and reproduced indefinitely with no visible or audible difference between the original and any of its copies.Durability* Another problem with magnetic tape is its intent ion to stretch away over time, causing the quality of the data to deteriorate. On old video tapes, this generally appears in the form of poor audio, and realize data can eventually suffer as intumesce. Over time magnetic tape acquires a layer of magnetic debris from recording and playback heads, which may need to be cleaned periodically to continue functioning.Mechanical mazyness* The mechanical complexity needed to use magnetic tape is nigh other disadvantage of the medium. Items like cassette and VHS tapes include two separate reels, as well as a mechanism for exposing a small portion of the tape inside a player or recording invention. Reel-to-reel tape players use multiple motors and moving parts, each of which is susceptible to mechanical failure. In the soil of digital media, flare pass-based memory uses no moving parts, thus eliminating this problem.Advantages and Disadvantages of a USB bourgeon DriveFebruary 27, 2012Advantages and disadvantagesAdvantagesCompared t o hard drives, flash drives use little power, draw no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields, scratches and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand. moth-eaten drives also store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a DVD or even a Blu-ray disc,2 well-nigh individual(prenominal) computers support USB as of 2010. Flash drives implement the USB mass storage device class so that most modern direct systems can read and write to them without installing device drivers. The flash drives present a childlike block-structured logical unit to the host in operation(p) system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices.The operating system can u se any file system or block addressing scheme. Some computers can boot up from flash drives. curiously manufactured flash drives are available that have a poser rubber or metal casing designed to be seal off and virtually unbreakable. These flash drives retain their memory after be submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. divergence such a flash drive out to dry all originally allowing current to run through it has been known to take in a working drive with no future problems. Channel louvres Gadget Show cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with dry ice, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in retrieve lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive.42 All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.DisadvantagesMain article Flash memoryLimitationsLike all flas h memory devices, flash drives can observe only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails.43unreliable source?44 This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)45 or tired applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the computers main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive. Most USB flash drives no longer include a write-protect mechanism, although a small number have a switch on the housing of the drive itself to keep the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive. Write-protection makes a device suitable for repairing virus-contaminated host computers without assay of infecting the USB flash dr ive itself. A write-locked SD card in a USB flash card reader adapter is an effective way to avoid any writes on the flash medium.The SD card as a WORM device has an essentially unlimited life. A drawback to the small size is that they are slowly misplaced, left behind, or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if the data they contain are sensitive (see data security). As a consequence, some manufacturers have added encryption hardware to their drivesalthough software encryption systems which can be used in conjunction with any mass storage medium achieve the same thing. Most drives can be attached to keychains, necklaces and lanyards. The USB stack is usually fitted with a removable and easily lost protective cap, or is retractable. USB flash drives are more expensive per unit of storage than biggish hard drives, still are less expensive in capacities of a few tens of gigabytes as of 2011 Maximum available capacity is increasing with time, but is less than larger hard dr ives. This balance is changing, but the rate of change is slowing..Most USB based flash technology integrates a printed circuit add-in with a metal tip which is simply soldered on. As a result the stress point is where the two pieces join. Some manufacturers quality control does not ensure a proper solder temp further alter the stress point. Since many Flash Drives stick out from a users laptop computer or PC they are likely to be bumped repeatedly in their life time and may break at the stress point. Most of the time a break at the stress point results in permanent damage to the printed circuit board where the joint is torn from the circuit. However, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out and others use a solid metal uni-body that has no easily palpable stress point.

World History 2.03 Worksheet

Eric Kennedy A. Complete this ch stratagem by filling in the information for each civilization as explained in the assignment. WhatWhenWhoWhereWhy PhoeniciansThe political system of the Phoenicians allowed each Phoenician city-state to have its get ruler, its own form of government, and its own chosen god to worship. 1200 BCE to 800 BCECanaanitesCity-states were Tyre and Sidon, subject day Lebanon and Syria. Trade, farming Hebrews Each tribe set up key governments connected by their customs. 2000 BCEKing DavidHebrews migrated to a region know as Canaan, roughly corresponding to enter-day Israel, western Jordan, southern Syria, and southern Lebanon. lighten religion Babylonians Highly-developed court system. One of its greatest rulers, Hammurabi, developed a code of laws that is now known as Hammurabis Code. This major collection of laws gives cleverness into the social structure and economic organization of the civilization. 18th Century BCE until the sixth Century BCE. King Ha mmurabiSouth of modern Baghdad, Iraq, between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Slavery Persians greenness set of weights and measures and a silver and gold coinage system. 560 BCE and lasted until 330 BCE. The empire was form from a nomadic people called the Persians and the Medes, both distantly related to the Hittites, Greeks, and Romans. Asia humble to India, including present-day Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Military force AssyriansCreated a large empire known for warfare and cruelty also built large libraries and created important art and architecture religion adopted from Babylonians2000-600BCE Assyrian farmers date back to 7th coke BCESemitic people (similar to Hebrews) greatest leader was Sargon II ( blanket(a) empire, deported people of Israel) powerfully influenced by Sumeria merchants traded throughout the Middle East Found in what is present day Iraq in the Middle East Empire eventually extended from present day Turkey to the Persian GulfDuring the height of their empire the Assyrian war machine was the most feared in the Middle East. B. What are deuce-ace things that these civilizations have in common that allowed them to be successful? 1. Strong multitude 2. Farming land 3. Religion

“Interpreting The Day the Earth Stood Still for Contemporary Film Audiences” Review Essay

In the article Interpreting The Day the body politic S withald Still for Contemporary make Audiences written in 2008, the Author, Joshua excuse, writes just about the messages that were sent to the the Statesn fool away interview of 1951 through the film The Day the Earth Stood Still, based on a short story by Harry Bates written in 1940. These messages ranged from topics manage the societal costs of atomic technology and both a banish and positive view of militarism, to criticism of the mass media. He also writes about how, unlike TV shows, and stories by the baby boom generation portray the 1950s as a time when all(prenominal)thing was wonderful for e really citizen solely the time, the argument can be made that it was a strange and uncanny time full of uncertainty, fear, and paranoia and this film portrays these feelings, with strong messages that Pardon suggest could be applied to occurrent world events. To make you better understand his article, he added a very well written summery of the photo followed by interpretations of the films scenes that could be applied to what was happening in America in 1951 and events happening in 2008.He compares the Cold Wars potential to lead to atomic catastrophe to the current war on terrorism the publics confusion on whether to trust scientist to the current debate of stem cell research, climate change and the scientific priming coat of evolution and the medias need to sensationalize current events take away from the historical issues both in 1951 and today. I would have to say that Pardons article is very convincing and well written the amount of education given by the author is very satisfactory. There is plenty of sustainground signal information on what were the current events in the 1950s on every interpretation on the not so hidden messages of the movie that throw in the towel you to see the similarity of todays issues and clearly see how the movie can be relatable today. Also, it goes into deta ils of every important lawsuit, and even compares characters to special(prenominal) iconic people from that era, such as Albert Einstein and even the character Tom Stevens, a company man with selfish intentions as a negative portrayal of a greedy American business culture.such(prenominal) great details of interpretation make this article a very good and fulfilling read. In my opinion, the weakest part of this article is that, although the information given allows you to rouge a clear picture of what the author is trying to communicate, it often added too much information of what almost felt like irrelevant information. Additionally, I felt that the author jumped from one subject to the next,just to bring it back up later in the article, and even though it wasnt misidentify and the information was always different, it made the subject feel redundant. To sum up, Pardons article on the interpretation of the film The Day the Earth Stood Still, was a very informative and eye opening a rticle that clearly shows all the political messages in the film. His words were able to paint a very good picture of what was happening in 1951, when the movie was made, so that you can better understand the messages that were being sent by the film that allowed us to better see how, even though it had been over 60 decades since this article was written, the film is still relevant today.

Tqm in Starwood

Starwood Hotels & go fend fors world(a) In partial fulfilment Of the requirements in number Quality Management 12 October, 2010 I. INTRODUCTION Being maven of the of the atomic number 82 hotel and leisure companies in the world, Starwood Hotels and revives Worldwide, Inc. already has n earliest 1000 properties in around 100 countries and close to 145,000 employees at its accepted and managed properties. Starwood Hotels and compensates is a richly desegregate owner, operator and franchisor of hotels and resorts with diametrical internation alto noticeher(a)y re in a flashned brands of St.Regis, The prodigality Collection, Sheraton, Westin, quaternary Points by Sheraton, W, Le Meridien, aloft and Element. It oerly owns wizard of the autopsy betterers and operators of high-quality vacation breakup ownership resorts, Starwood Vacation Ownership quickens, Inc. The telepperfectr began as a polished investment funds libertine and then became a squ ar estate investm ent trust (REIT). In 1998, Starwood acquired ITT Corporation, a attach to seven beats its size, in which during that prison term, the worlds largest lodging and gaming smart influence.Founded by Barry Sternlicht, Starwood Hotels and Resorts has been acquiring many an(prenominal) an some other(prenominal) hotels and companies, at the a alike(p) time, unloading just about of its own properties to bother modality and funds for mod one and only(a)s. Starwood Hotels and Resorts solely the same face challenges in their worldwide operations. This led to a decision of adapting six Sigma in the year 2000. The roll out of six Sigma in the gild started in the branch quarter of 2001and was tar signed to end in the year 2002 as well as the time they say they get out reap the fruits of their efforts. tally to the fo beneath, and previous chairman and chief executive director pipicer of Starwood, Barry Sternlicht he engulf of six Sigma is one of the most important strategi c initiatives since the formation of the ac beau monde. It testament be a multiyear effort encompassing thousands of associates. It exit in any case deem and build new momentum, strengthen their global brands, enhance their ability to luck topper practices globally, speed the adoption of new technologies, prep be them for the challenges of constant channelize, go out little focus on the client and overtime military emolument them descend a dramatic gain in the bottom line. All these burst happen only with the successful capital punishment of the dodging.Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worlwide, Inc. was the start-off hospitality kitchen stove to adapt sixsome Sigma in its global operations. The company round-the-clockly improves with the cargon To our shargonholders, our goal is to grow EBITDA at least 8-10% per year and EPS at least 15% per year. To our customers, we want Starwood to be the easiest company with which to do duty. And to our employees, our commi ttedness is to grow Starwood a great place to rick. At Starwood, we dont retri plainlyive do vi Sigma, we determine on sixsome Sigma, wrote one Starwood employee in i viSigmas outmatch Places survey. That means that we substance abuse it e very(prenominal) day in our day-by-day black market to solve riddles, regardless of their size. We take the DMAIC and tilt six-spot Sigma principles and use tools daily (VOC translation tables, Pugh matrices, SIPOCDOE, etc. ), unless dont inescapably deliver a bun in the oven to make all problem into a visualise. We just get it through with(p) here. This do Starwood the top best place to work in according to isixsigma. coms Top 10 companies surmount Places to prune bring up. To summarize it up, Starwood Hotels and Resorts was able to pull off great opportunities of exploitation and branch in the company by dint of 6 Sigma.II. COMPANY PROFILE A. Brief description about the company As a top company in the Hotels, Ca sinos, Resorts industry, Starwood Hotels Resorts specialize in the operation and way of hotels, resorts, casinos and spas. Starwood is now one of the leading(a) hotel and leisure companies in the world with approximately 925 properties in much than 95 countries. Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide, Inc. , incorporated in 1980, is a hotel and leisure company. The caller conducts its hotel and leisure crinkle both directly and through its subsidiaries. Its brand names include St.Regis (luxury full-service hotels, resorts and residences), The prodigality Collection (luxury full-service hotels and resorts), W (luxury and upscale full service hotels, retreats and residences), Westin (luxury and upscale full-service hotels, resorts and residences), Le Meridien (luxury and upscale full-service hotels, resorts and residences), Sheraton (luxury and upscale full-service hotels, resorts and residences), quadruplet Points (select-service hotels), aloft (select-service hotels), and Elemen t (extended stay hotels). The participation is organized into two business segments hotels and vacation ownership and residential.In January 2010, the Company denote that it has completed the disposal of Bliss World Holdings, Inc. to Steiner Leisure Limited. History of the company Starwood Hotels Resorts Worldwide, Inc. is one of the top hotel companies in the world. The company owns and operates hotels under leading brands much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Sheraton, Westin, St. Regis, tetrad Points, and its recently augmented W brand. The majority of Starwoods hotels argon owned by franchisees, and the company directly owns or leases about one hundred seventy of its approximately 750 hotels worldwide.Close to 500 of the companys hotels atomic number 18 in northerly the States. Starwood too runs hotels in some 80 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and South America, including a chain of honored European palaces called the Ciga Group. The company began as a small investment f irm and then became a real estate investment trust (REIT). In 1998 Starwood purchased ITT Corporation, a company seven times its size and at the time the worlds largest lodging and gaming company. Starwood beat out the Hilton Hotels Corporation to get ITT, in what was one of the most dramatic takeover battles of the 1990s.Starwood is run by Barry Sternlicht, whose gross(a) dealsmanship parlayed the small trust into a global lodging company. B. Different rateting of the Company a. Starwoods Managed Hotels The Company manages hotels worldwide, usually under a long-run agreement with the hotel owner (including entities in which it has a minority equity interest). Its responsibilities under hotel management contracts typically include hiring, training and supervising the managers and employees that operate these facilities.For supererogatory fees, it permits centralized reservation services and coordinates national advertising and accredited merchandise and promotional services. It prepargons and implements annual budgets for the hotels it manages and is responsible for allocating property-owner funds for periodic maintenance and overcompensate of buildings and furnishings. In addition to its owned and leased hotels, at celestial latitude 31, 2009, it managed 440 hotels with approximately 153,800 inhabits worldwide. b. The bollocks up off Franchising and LicensingThe Company franchises its Sheraton, Westin, quadruple Points by Sheraton, highlife Collection, Le Meridien, aloft and Element brand names and generally derive licensing and other fees from franchisees based on a fixed percentage of the franchised hotels room revenue, as well as fees for other services, including centralized reservations, barters and marketing, unexclusive resemblances and national and international media advertising. In addition, a franchisee may also purchase hotel supplies, including brand-specific products, from veritable Starwood-approved vendors.It approves certain plans for, and the location of, franchised hotels and look backwards their design. At celestial latitude 31, 2009, on that focalize were 476 franchised properties with approximately 116,300 rooms. c. Vacation Ownership and Residential Business The Company develops, owns and operates vacation ownership resorts, market and sell the vacation ownership interests (VOIs) in the resorts and, in many cases, provide financing to customers who purchase such ownership interests.Owners of VOIs base trade their interval for intervals at other Starwood vacation ownership resorts, for intervals at certain vacation ownership resorts not otherwise sponsored by Starwood through an exchange company, or for hotel stays at Starwood properties. From time to time, it securitizes or sells the receivables obtaind from its sale of VOIs. At celestial latitude 31, 2009, it had 22 residential and vacation ownership resorts and sites in its portfolio with 16 actively selling VOIs and residences, and two th at affirm sold all actual inventory. C. Business IndustryThe general business activity and leash products or commercial enterprise of Starwood Hotels & Resorts are categorized as world part of the Hotels, Casinos, Resorts Industry. D. The Company Values Go the Extra Step by taking actions that build going connections and fealty Play as a squad by working(a) globally and across all teams in the company Do the Right Thing by exploitation right(a) judgment, respecting our communities, associates, owners, partners and the environment E. Principal Subsidiaries Starwood Vacation Ownership, Inc. F. Principal Competitors Marriott International, Inc. Hilton Hotels Corporation iv Seasons Hotels Inc. G. find Dates of the companys operations a. 1991 Starwood Capital Group is founded. b. 1993 Starwood begins vitiateing hotels. c. 1994 Starwood buys Hotel Investors entrust gains special REIT status. d. 1998 Starwood acquires ITT Corporation. e. 2001 Implementation of 6 Sigma Strat egy for the companys boilersuit operations III. BEFORE HAVING sixer-SIGMA IN THE COMPANY Starwood Hotels and Resorts did not follow a particular Total Quality Management political course of instruction. Although they do have goals, such as Starwood is entering a new stage in its development, express Barry Sternlicht, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The world is changing beltidly. While we own superb physical assets around the world, it is our 30 million customers who represent the critical and unrecognized asset of our company in this inter take in age. We are pertinacious to build a customer-centric organization, a company that will take expediency of unprecedented advances in technology to improve somely all panorama of its core operations while increasing brand loyalty in an effort to manufacture signifi washbowlt long-term shareholder mensurate, Mr.Sternlicht said. Starwood, though were very successful before their implementation of the sise Sigma also encoun ter several(prenominal) problems. One of which was when the Congress acted to change the law governing Real commonwealth Investment Trusts (REITs). This made Starwood lose its tax advantage thus converting itself to the tralatitious corporate structure. The change made accounting difficult, particularly in comparison pecuniary results from before and after(prenominal) the restructuring. In addition, there seemed to be flurry in the top echelons of management.Starwoods stock price fell, and in celestial latitude 1998 the company denote that fourth quarter earnings would be less than estimated. former(a) lodging stocks did badly as well, but Starwood was clearly struggling to integrate its vast new holdings. IV. THE COMPANYS ADAPTATION The slowing economy hurt Starwood and other hotel companies in 2001. The kinsfolk 11 terrorist attacks were a large blow to the industry. Starwoods nitrogen American business fell drastically right away after the attacks, and two weeks lat er the company announced that it would lay off 23 percent of its North American workforce.Revenue fell in 2001 and 2002 as the global economy remained weak and business travel was less than robust. The companys European operations did better than its North American business, and Asia became the companys next frontier. Less than 10 percent of Starwoods operating profit came from its Asian operations in 2002, but the company aimed to increase that to 25 percent by 2007. We have worn out(p) $1 billion in our ongoing effort to bring consonance to our branded hotels around the world, says Bob Cotter, chief operating officer, Starwood Hotels Resorts. It is time and we are ready to complement this effort with a global focus on the delivery of consistent and exemplary service to our invitees. From the reservation and check-in process, to room standards and cleanliness, it is our goal for every Westin, Sheraton, W, Four Points by Sheraton, Starwood Vacation Ownership and St. Regis/Luxury Collection guest to have a flawless experience during all(prenominal) and every visit. Six Sigma will suspensor us r for apiece(prenominal) one that goal. V. THE SIX SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION AT STARWOOD In 2001 Starwood Hotels & Resorts became the first hospitality company in the world to embrace Six Sigma, an internationally recognized approach that enables Starwood associates to develop innovative customer focused solutions and to transfer these solutions across the global organization. Six Sigma is a customer-focused, fact-based, analytical system (approach and tools) for ameliorate processes so that customers are more(prenominal)(prenominal) quelled and Associates time is spent more on value-added activities, leading to change magnitude profitably.The Six Sigma tools enable Starwood hotels to transfer solutions and innovations across their properties and offices globally. This gives the company a agonistical advantage on speed to market in implementing scoop out Practic es and Brand Standards. By launching Six Sigma, Starwood made a long-term commitment to radically improving the way it does business. For Starwood Six Sigma is a powerful business system that focuses on consistently delivering superior value to actual and effectiveness customers. Six Sigma will roll out across Starwood Hotels & Resorts starting in the first quarter of 2001, completing implementation through the entire company by the end of 2002. While the company has budgeted a net bell for the program in 2001, as training and process reengineering begins, the company expects the program to begin delivering benefits in 2002 and beyond. Pioneered by Motorola and made famous by GE, Six Sigma has helped some of the worlds leading companies greatly improve customer service and increase financial re twists.Starwood expects to save millions of dollars through improved efficiencies and maximized indicateing of active capital. Further, Starwood expects to retort significant increment al revenue and profit due to deepenloyalty and additional products and services. Former GE executive James Hyman has been named executive vice president, Six Sigma, for Starwood and will have global responsibility for murder the strategy, designing the tools and overseeing the implementation of Starwoods Six Sigma initiative. Before joining Starwood, Hyman served as President of Europe for GE Capital Modular Space.Hyman will name directly to Bob Cotter. Starwood has also enlisted the expertise of renowned Six Sigma specialists shot S. Pande, co-author of The Six Sigma Way and president of Pivotal Consulting, and the George Group to abet with the launch. During the first five quarters of implementation, Starwood will primarily redeploy occurrent Starwood associates to fill approximately 450 Six Sigma specialist roles. Starwood will fill these roles with many of the companys highest performing associates, in addition to some extraneous candi conflicts from all fields.These Six S igma specialists will have strong analytical and organisational skills, and most will hold the title of obtuse belt or master black belt. Each black belt is expected to hold EBITDA gains of $200,000 or more per year. Instead of hiring the usual ethnographers or consultants, Westin owner Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc. turned to Six Sigma, a management process hunch overn for lessen defects and increasing efficiency. It was a surprising move habituated Six Sigmas rap as a creativity killer. But under Geoffrey A.Ballotti, president of Starwoods North America Div. , the company is using Six Sigmas strengths to promote innovationand generate tens of millions in new revenue. Combining creativity and efficiency is a exquisite managerial manoeuvre that some service companies can pull off. Starwood succeeded, in large part, because it began with a culture of creativity before introducing the management tool. invent has long played a major role in the company, with note a rchitect David Rockwell designing its hip W Hotels brand back in the 90s.Starwood gets a boost out of Six Sigma by using its techniques to day-dream up projects across the company. Massage is just one of hundreds of ventures done this way. This years forage and beverage engineering program, which rejiggers the choices on room-service and catering menus based on their popularity, has generated $20 million in extra revenue. In 2006, programs developed under Six Sigma delivered more than $100 million in profit to its bottom line. As a result, the White Plains (N. Y. company is one of the worlds most economic hotel operators Its net margin is about 15%, high than those of rivals Hilton Hotels Corp. (HLT ) and Marriott International Inc. (MAR ) We have been crusade our margin growth faster than our competitors, says Ballotti. When people ask why, I lay to Six Sigma. The group that runs the effort is headed by Brian mayer, who claims the quirky title of vice-president for Six Sig ma, operation innovation, and room comport. I grew up in the hospitality industry, says whitethorner, whose granddaddy and father ran catering businesses. The joke is that I was born in a chafing dish. Since the program launched in 2001, Mayers crew has trained 150 employees as black belts and more than 2,700 as green belts in the arts of Six Sigma. establish mostly at the hotels, black belts oversee the projects while green belts counterfeit out the details. The key to their success, says Mayer, is that instead of acting like suits imposing their will from corporate, the Six Sigma specialists operate more like partners who help local hotels fit out their own objectives. Indeed, almost 100% of the creative concepts come from in-house staff.And every project mustiness be overseen by a hotel employee. By focusing on their goals and budgets it enables us to become a partner in the operation, says Mayer. The SWAT Team The innovation process begins when hotel teams pitch Mayers g roup on a new idea. They fight for our resources, says Mayer. A Six Sigma Council composed of Ballotti and his 13 direct reports, including his higher-ranking vice-president for gross sales and marketing, then evaluates an ideas merit based on the instalments priorities and the projects expected payoff.If the council approves a project, black belts and green belts are deployed like SWAT teams to the hotels to carry it out. London, 14 July 2004 A sign of the growing importance of SIX SIGMA at Starwood Hotels & Resorts is that by 1 August this year, the hotel company, with over 740 properties globally, will have trained over 1000 associates from all over the world to become SIX SIGMA cat valium Belts the first training stage in the SIX SIGMA development program.The current group of 12 associates from the Europe, Middle East and Africa region are mien to Warsaw on 19 July for a week of intensive Six Sigma tuition. This innovative project has re-designed all the individual reserv ation channels for hotel, golf, spa, transport, eating place and outdoor activities into one single point of contact a multi-purpose, multi versatile Resort Sales team that immediately can confirm and cross sell any request received by the hotel. The benefits for this project to Turnberry were immediate. To date there has been an 11. 5% increase in incremental spend by customers andincrease in rooms revenue of more than 19%. In addition, The Spa revenues have increased from GBP 91 per booking to GBP 141 per booking as a result of the newly centralizedreservationgroup, which enables the maximum recitation of treatment rooms and therapists. Energy Summit for Starwood Hotels and Resorts Starwood Hotels & Resorts has taken a snap out of the recent G8 Summit by implementing an awareness program which focuses on Climate Change and Carbon Management across its 400 hotels in Europe, Middle East & Africa.The hotel group, whose brands include Sheraton, Westin, St Regis and Luxury Collec tion, has over the past few years been committed to becoming a green operator at all levels. In the UK Starwood is part of the cordial reception Energy Consortium (HEC)*, a group of hotel companies who partner together in the procurement of energy. Lead by Chairperson, Angela Tomlinson, Director of Purchasing UK and Ireland, Starwood Hotels & Resorts, the Consortium has partnered with the Carbon Trust, an independent company set up by Government to help the UK meet its climate change obligations.In partnership with the Carbon Trust, Starwood has recently taken part in a scoping study by Enviros, environmental consultants. The initial results, which will be on hand(predicate) in August 2005, will enable Starwood and the other consortium members to review their energy consumption/carbon footprint, and provide better ways of working to achieve reductions in volumes used.In addition to this, as a huge component part of energy management is dependent on buy-in from the associates in t he hotels, a extensive energy toolkit and training program has been distributed to every Head of Department in every Starwood hotel in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. This is part of a wider awareness program with a focus on protecting the environment. As well as associate and corporate activity, Starwood has been active with guest energy conservation initiatives for a number of years already.In 1999 the company was the first in the hotel industry to demonstrate a Green Room Program, to reduce water and electricity use for laundering guest towels and linen. Guests place a card on their manage each day if they wish to have their bed linen and towels changed. If guests do not put this card on their bed, their bed will be made without changing the linens and their towels will be hung up but not changed. A green card would be left for the guest as a thank-you for going green.Since then the Green Room Program has been fully incorporated into the ABCs of House-keeping in the Sherat on, Westin and Four Points by Sheraton EAME Brand Standards. As a result of this ongoing focus on Energy, Starwood has also created a North West Europe Energy Champions team, a group of associates who are responsible for effort support for this project. Starwoods change management process, Six Sigma, is being used to drive this commitment and the implementation of the Energy preservation Toolkit is now a required best practice at all hotels owned and managed throughout EAME.This project is the result of Six Sigma Methodology delivering tools that will in turn deliver energy and carbon reduction, to the benefit of future day generations but also the associates and hotel guests of today. Six Sigma at Starwood has helped improve the financial mathematical operation of the group by ushering in the quality and amity of the customers experiences. Six Sigma has also provided the guidelines and tools to create a consistently superior guest experience at all properties, and simultaneous ly improve the bottom line.The Six Sigma organization in the group reports to instalmental leadership and is aligned with the divisions goals and priorities. VI. later SIX-SIGMA IMPLEMENTATION A. COMPANY IMPROVEMENTS o While Starwood incurred $17 million in training costs to launch Six Sigma in 2001, the company reaped plain EBITDA increases of more than $17 million. Training costs will be importantly reduced in 2002 and Starwood expects a substantial increase (perhaps double) in the EBIDTA improvement achieved by Six Sigma-related programs. o Six Sigma at Starwood has helped improve the financial performance of he group by ushering in the quality and unison of the customers experiences. Six Sigma has also provided the guidelines and tools to create a consistently superior guest experience at all properties, and simultaneously improve the bottom line. The Six Sigma organization in the group reports to divisional leadership and is aligned with the divisions goals and priorities. o Higher net margin than its key competitors but also with helping spark and act on innovative ideas. The come to is based on global culture most ideas and solutions come from hotel staff throughout the world. oddment year, according to Starwood management, programs developed under the famed management technique delivered more than $100 million in profit to its bottom line. As a result, the White Plains (N. Y. ) company is one of the worlds most economic hotel operators Its net margin is nearly 15%, higher than those of rivals Hilton Hotels (HLT) and Marriott International (MAR), as well as the industry average of 9%. We have been driving our margin growth faster than our competitors, says Ballotti. When people ask why, I point to Six Sigma. o Growth of their hotels (See Appendix 1) Starwood Hotel and Resorts Ranks Number 1on iSixSigmas Best Places to Work list. (See Appendix 2) o Starwood Hotels and Resorts top ranked The Top Best Places to Work List because of adopting 6 Sigm a in their operations. They use 6 Sigma every day in their daily work to solve problems, regardless of their size. They follow the DMAIC and Lean Six Sigma principles and use tools daily. Starwood requires that its full-time Six Sigma practitioners learn primary about the inner workings of all the various departments (housekeeping, food and beverage, sales and marketing, etc. in order to develop large-scale initiatives. At the same time, the Belts are also expected to lead process improvement projects at the individual hotel level. o The company measures quality with a three-pronged approach improving the Guest propitiation Index (an independently determined numerical value based on guest surveys), increasing revenue and controlling costs. The last one cost reduction is where they had the most success so far, given the economy. They continue to go after revenue, but they try to take a balanced approach.If theyre too heavy on the cost side, they get some snap-back in other areas like customer propitiation. They cant take their eyes off the ball in any area. They are committed to all three prongs. One example of this three-pronged approach is trace a Green Choice, which was launched at Starwoods Sheraton and Westin brands in kinsfolk 2009. To help save on water, chemicals and detergents, the hotel gives guests the option of not having linens changed or the room cleaned all for up to three days. Those who participate can receive gift cards or points to be deported for food service. Starwoods commitment to providing thought-provoking cross-departmental opportunities for continuous improvement personnel, along with its policy of promoting Black Belts from within, truly makes it one of the premier companies for Six Sigma practitioners. Companies on the Top 10 list, announced in December 2009, had to meet the highest standards for providing an outstanding Six Sigma program, culture, training, compensation, and recognition and argument satisfaction for emp loyees. B. ACHIEVEMENTS FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION From Indonesia to Malta, Six Sigma is a welcome guest at Starwood hotels. Launched early in 2001, Six Sigma is entering its sixth year at the hotel, which still holds the acclaim of being the only hotel with a corporate-wide Six Sigma initiative. o Starwood properties each have a Six Sigma Council that organize and prioritize projects. Successful projects are then leveraged across additional properties. Six Sigma is emphasized in biography Paths at Starwood as reporting to divisional leadership and aligned with that divisions goals and priorities. A Starwood Six Sigma team received recognition at the IQPC 2004 European Six Sigma Excellence Awards with the Best DFSS Project. o Six Sigma at Starwood has helped increase our financial performance by improving the quality and consistency of our guests experiences as well as those of our internal customers. It provides the framework and tools we need to create a consistently superior guest experience at all properties while dramatically improving the bottom line.The Six Sigma organization reports to divisional leadership and is aligned with the divisions goals and priorities. o Six Sigma professionals make decisions based on data, not emotions, share responsibility and know how to generate results. They are enthusiastic and passionate about what they do. These are the skills and qualities that make Six Sigma professionals most successful and that Six Sigma helps build in future leaders. o Starwoods has been resourcing the firm with workers who are mainly divided into three work categories Green Belts (GBs) have full-time positions with a portion of their time use to being the Six Sigma point person and transfer project combatant and manager. o Black Belts (BBs) are full-time resources who typically work on new projects. They are a resource to GBs in their property or area. They are a member of the propertys Executive Committee. o Master Black Belts are a full-time r esource utilize to overseeing/creating a portfolio of Six Sigma projects in a given division, area or region. They are a resource to BBs, GBs and Six Sigma Council members in their area. Starwood hotels and resorts worldwide Inc is the first hospitality company in the world to embrace Six Sigma since 2001 and extends this best practice to all properties worldwide, including the Sheraton Hong Kong Hotel & Tower. o Barry S. Sternlicht, chairman and CEO, Starwood Hotels and Resorts had stated, The launch of Six Sigma is one of the most important strategic initiatives since the formation of our company, he continued. It is our goal for every Westin, Sheraton, W, Four Points by Sheraton, Starwood Vacation Ownership and St. Regis /Luxury Collection guests to have a flawless experience during each and every visit.Six Sigma will help us reach that goal. o Starwood Hotels & Resorts is a leader in the Hospitality industry in technology innovation. Smart Rooms, Wireless Internet Access, ego tism Check-in Kiosk, and state-of-the-art ERP systems are only a few technologies in place to improve our guest and associate experience. C. SERVICE-BASED ACHIEVEMENTS For several years now Starwood has had an edge on its competitors because of its strong brand awareness amongst its target markets and the way in which it has developed a range of differentiated experiences. The companys key asset is the associated diversification of the variety of brands, and the different market segments they serve, provide a broad base from which to enhance revenue. It aggressively attracts and cultivates new customers and maintains loyalty among the worlds most active travellers As one example, Starwood preferent Guest, its award-winning shit guest program, first made headlines when it launched with a find policy of no blackout dates and no capacity controls, allowing members to redeem clean-handed nights anytime, anywhere.Since then, it has grown to include more than 33m members and is cited for its hassle-free award redemption, outstanding customer service, give member website and innovative promotions and benefits for elite members. Although smaller than some of its peers, Starwood uses its scale to support its core marketing and reservation functions across its brands and reduce costs in areas such as insurance, energy, telecommunications, food and beverage, furniture, fixtures and operating supplies. Its size also limits video to any particular type of lodging, brand or geographic region. strategically Starwood has also moved away from investment in owned real estate and increased its focus on its management and franchise business. In furtherance of this strategy, it has been selling some of the older hotels in its portfolio to, in turn, muster out capital to fund its ambitious international and branded growth plans. simultaneously the company has retained one of the worlds most profitable hotel net margins of around 15%, higher than many larger rivals. Starwo od has made a great success of its growing product innovation prowess.Having identify the bed as the key area for innovation opportunity in its mid-range Westin brand, Starwood designed the supernal Bed providing the best nights stillness by far of any comparable brand. Not only did this well-targeted development improve the all important occupancy rates in Westin properties, it also created a new business line as customers started to buy the Heavenly Bed for their homes. This has now been extended into the W chain where whotelsthe introduce. com now enables anyone to buy the key ingredients of the unique W experience.From the W bed, pillows and towels to books and an increasing range of phallic and female apparel, this is the latest incarnation of high- allude product innovation from this service domain pioneer. D. COMPANY ACTIVITIES DONE o In January, 2006, the Westin Chicago River North hotel was picked to original a project, dubbed Unwind, for the upscale hotel chain. The pu rpose to think up a set of nightly activities that would draw guests out of their rooms and into the lobby where they could mingle, develop a greater loyalty to the hotel group, and maybe spend a little more money.Westin spied an opportunity after a study found that 34% of frequent travellers feel lonely away from home. The Unwind project led the Westin to develop dozens of activities, including massages, at the Chicago hotel. o Starwood Preferred Guest it is Starwoods award-winning frequent guest program which first made headlines when it launched with a breakthrough policy of no blackout dates and no capacity controls, allowing members to redeem free nights anytime, anywhere. VII. SOLUTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONSUpon seeing all of their achievements, Starwood Hotels and Resorts should definitely continue using the Six Sigma method in order to maintain meeting their company goals and also to retain all of their companys success. Aside from increasing profit, using the Six Sigma method rea lly helped Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide improve the service that they are giving to both their customers and their employees. They should conduct more training regarding it so that their employees would know how the Six Sigma method works and not only the top management. such employees of the companies consist of the Black Belts and the Green belts.The Black Belts should have trainings that will hone their knowledge about different creative ways on how to do a strategy for the whole company which will serve the changing needs and preferences of the companys target market. Moreover, the green belts must have trainings in which they will be more knowledgeable about Six Sigma approach to different strategies that will be deployed by the company, these people are mainly responsible in delving into the little and detailed concepts of each strategy done by Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide. These greenbelts should also be trained to know and put into their heart the DMAIC Me thodology.This DMAIC Methodology will help the Greenbelts solve a certain problem of the company, reducing the defects done by the company and improving, leveraging the customers experience to a higher value. The DMAIC Methodology should train the Greenbelts in defining the problem or what is specifically called the Project Scoping, Measure the relationships between the occurring problem and symptoms, analyze the nature of the problem, improving the operations by closure the problem and control, which is mainly focused on maintaining the improvements through the use of different tools and instruments.As Starwood Company have different branches scattered all over the world, there must be one Six-Sigma team for each branch wherein they will be mainly responsible for their depute branch so as to increase effectivity of the business operations and to better serve the target markets in those hotel and resorts location.The Six Sigma teams will be doing information-gathering processes wh erein they will ask for comments and feedbacks from the existing customers and those who are the potential ones. Doing such, Starwood can think of strategies and tactics that should be done to capture the potential market and by making things more pleasant to the existing customers and make them more loyal to avail the services offered by the company.In times when the company faces visible losses from declining service consumption from the market, Starwood Company must achieve solutions through the use of the Six Sigma Problem solve wherein it involves redefining and analyzing the problem, generating ideas from the team and the management, evaluating each idea and selecting the most appropriate one and implementing the chosen idea. Through the Six Sigma Problem Solving, the company will have a more systematic way of thinking solutions for a certain problem by delving first into the details, symptoms and underlying assumptions of such matter.Using such method, the employees who ar e in the Six Sigma team will be trained and honed to be more effective in decision-making and examining all the things that causes the problem to exist. Furthermore, through the problem solving method, the company will be more united as each one of them will have a voice in the companys operations and they are also responsible for the strategy implementation as all of them make the final decision of how to address the certain problem.By having such cooperation and teamwork within the workers in the company, there will be higher satisfaction for the employees which will in turn affect the quality service experience of the customers when they avail the offered service of Starwood Hotels and Resorts. Moreover, to improve the service of Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide, the teams of the company must focus on examining and sustaining four key measures of organization performance which includes Accuracy, cycle time, Cost and guest satisfaction.In Accuracy, the team should measure if the company is giving condition financial figures, completeness of information, or freedom from data errors applying the accuracy concept to Starwood Hotels and Resorts, the company must make sure that each branch located at different locations should be visible and transparent in harm of their prices for each distinct service, and also information about the whole service experience, like the service transactions and process that the customers must go through should be made known to them to give them ease in availing the service of the Hotels and Resorts.Next is rhythm method time which is a measure of how long it takes to do something with such thing, Starwood company working in the hotel industries must maximize well their service time so as to not waste the limited resources of their customers, it can be further applied to the companys operations in price of efficient availment of the different services through optimal number of employees charge to different work division s that will make the customers not wait for their turn for such service consumption.Thirdly, Cost should be measured in terms of the internal cost of the companys process activities to have disdain costs, Starwood Hotels must have effective workers who are focused and motivated to work and communicate well to the customers so as to decrease the time mandatory for the service process that should be done by each one of them. As the employees of each hotel and resort become more productive with their assigned work, the cost of the company in sustaining each service process will decrease and will definitely have a greater impact on the companys profitability.Lastly, the team must measure the Customer Satisfaction, which is typically the measure of the companys success and will give a view of how the company will be in the near future years of business operations in the industry. The Customer Satisfaction can be measured by getting the direct feedback from the customers after they exper ience the service form Starwood Hotels and Resorts.Also, the company can do personalization and customization wherein the existing customers will already have their service ready after they schedule a reservation, making all the things like foods, drinks, kind of bed sheets, store maintenance customized to their needs which in turn make them more satisfied to the service that will make them also more loyal to the company. Furthermore, as the world goes by, the market have acquired higher buying power and have ore sophisticated and changing needs as before the company can focus on improving its service adapting form the customers needs and preferences so as to give higher value proposition to them in relation to the direct competitors of Starwood Hotels and Resorts. Appendix 1 Different Branches of Starwood Hotels and Resorts Worldwide pic North America joined States Arizona Phoenix The Westin Phoenix Downtown crack borderland 10, 2011 Tucson Four Points by Sheraton Tucson drome curtain raisingOctober 14, 2010 pic California Modesto Four Points by Sheraton Modesto hypothesis October 30, 2010 FloridaBal Harbour The St. Regis Bal Harbour Resort initiationJuly 01, 2012 Jacksonville aloft Jacksonville arras Park hypothesisJanuary 13, 2011 Jacksonville Beach Four Points by Sheraton Jacksonville Beach fountainNov. 30, 2011 Miami Element Miami International airdrome open May 5, 2011 Georgia battle of Atlanta aloft Atlanta Buckhead gapSeptember 01, 2012 Element Atlanta Buckhead inceptionSeptember 01, 2012 Kennesaw Four Points by Sheraton Atlanta Kennesaw coal scuttle June 30, 2011 Illinois Chicago aloft Chicago City Center scuttleJune 01, 2012 Kentucky Louisville Michigan KalamazooFour Points by Sheraton Kalamazoo fount September 2, 2011 Mississippi Biloxi Four Points by Sheraton Biloxi Beach Boulevard clearJul 01, 2010 Nebraska Omaha Element Omaha Midtown Crossing inceptionNovember 11, 2010 in the raw Jersey arm Lee Sheraton Fort Lee Hotel ca ndid September 1, 2010 New Mexico Albuquerque Sheraton Albuquerque Airport Hotel opening moveNovember 11, 2010 New York aloft Harlem gapOctober 21, 2010 Element New York quantify Square West commencementDecember 09, 2010 Sheraton Tribeca New York Hotel colOctober 14, 2010 W New York Downtown open(a)August 09, 2010Brooklyn aloft New York Brooklyn arisingOctober 21, 2010 Long Island City Four Points by Sheraton Long Island City/Queensboro bridge deck possibleness January 13, 2011 Niagara falls Four Points by Sheraton Niagara Falls riseApril 07, 2011 North Carolina Asheville aloft Asheville Downtown possiblenessMarch 01, 2012 Chapel Hill Aloft Chapel Hill assailableApril 29, 2010 Oklahoma Oklahoma City Four Points by Sheraton Oklahoma City Quail Springs unresolvedApril 22, 2010 Tulsa Aloft Tulsa OpenedAugust 19, 2010 Pennsylvania Philadelphia Le Meridien Philadelphia OpenedMay 06, 2010 Puerto anti-racketeering lawRio Grande The St. Regis Bahia Beach Resort, Puerto Rico hatchwayNovember 04, 2010 Tennessee Memphis Four Points by Sheraton Memphis East go-ahead December 9, 2010 Texas capital of Texas W Austin openDecember 09, 2010 Galveston Four Points by Sheraton Galveston OpenedSeptember 24, 2010 Houston Four Points by Sheraton Houston Hobby Airport coal scuttleDecember 01, 2010 Houston The Westin Houston, Memorial City OpeningMarch 03, 2011 Virginia Winchester Aloft Winchester OpenedJune 04, 2010 Canada Alberta Calgary Four Points by Sheraton Calgary Airport OpenedMay 06, 2010 EdmontonFour Points by Sheraton Edmonton West Opening December 1, 2011 Red Deer Sheraton Red Deer Hotel Opening January 27, 2011 Ontario Niagara Falls Four Points by Sheraton Niagara Falls Fallsview OpenedApril 22, 2010 Saskatchewan Saskatoon Four Points by Sheraton Saskatoon OpenedJuly 22, 2010 Mexico Campeche Campeche The Westin Campeche Resort & Spa, Campeche Opening June 1, 2011 Chihuahua Chihuahua Aloft Chihuahua Opening January 1, 2011 national District Mexico City The Westin Santa Fe, Mexico City OpenedAugust 05, 2010 Santa Fe W Santa Fe, Mexico Opening March 31, 2013 Jalisco GuadalajaraThe Westin Hotel Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico Opening June 1, 2011 Quintana Roo Puerto Juarez The St. Regis Kanai Resort, Riviera Maya Opening March 31, 2014 Riviera Maya W Kanai Retreat, Riviera Maya, Mexico Opening March 31, 2014 Africa Algeria Oran Le Meridien Oran Hotel & Convention Centre OpeningApril 01, 2011 Egypt Cairo Le Meridien Cairo Airport OpeningMarch 31, 2012 St. Regis Hotel Cairo OpeningSeptember 01, 2014 W Cairo Opening January 1, 2016 Libya tripoli Four Points by Sheraton Tripoli OpeningNovember 15, 2010 Sheraton Tripoli Hotel OpeningSeptember 01, 2012 Mauritius Le MorneThe St. Regis Mauritius Resort OpeningJune 01, 2011 Morocco Marrakech W Marrakech Hotel OpeningDecember 01, 2011 Nigeria Lagos Lagos Four Points by Sheraton Lagos OpenedSeptember 15, 2010 Le Meridien Ikoyi Towers Opening January 1, 2013 pic Asia Pacific China Anhui Hefei Four Points by Sheraton Hefei, Shushan Opening January 1, 2014 The Westin Hefei Baohe OpeningDecember 23, 2010 Beijing Beijing Sheraton Beijing Dongcheng Hotel OpeningMay 01, 2011 W Beijing Changan Opening January 1, 2014 Chongqing Chongqing The Westin Chongqing Liberation Square OpeningOctober 01, 2011 FujianFuzhou The Westin Fuzhou Minjiang OpeningDecember 22, 2010 Xiamen The Westin Xiamen OpeningSeptember 30, 2011 Guangdong Foshan Aloft Nanhai-Foshan OpeningJanuary 01, 2011 Guangzhou Sheraton Guangzhou Hotel OpeningJanuary 01, 2011 Sheraton Huadu Resort OpeningApril 01, 2011 The Westin Pazhou OpeningFebruary 28, 2011 W Guangzhou OpeningJuly 01, 2011 Aloft Guangzhou University Park OpeningMay 01, 2012 Heshan Four Points by Sheraton Guangdong, Heshan OpeningOctober 01, 2012 Huizhou Sheraton Bailuhu Resort, Huizhou OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 QingyuanSheraton Qingyuan Lion Lake Resort OpeningJune 01, 2012 Zhanjiang Sheraton Zhanjiang Hotel OpeningJuly 01, 2011 Zhongshan S heraton Zhongshan Hotel OpenedAugust 10, 2010 Zhuhai Sheraton Zhuhai Hotel OpeningJanuary 01, 2015 Zhuhai The St. Regis Zhuhai Opening June 30, 2015 Hainan Haikou The Westin Haikou OpeningJune 01, 2012 Sanya Sheraton Sanya Haitang mouth Resort OpeningSeptember 30, 2012 Sheraton Sanya Tufu Bay Resort OpeningOctober 01, 2013 The Malus Resort, Sanya OpeningSeptember 30, 2012 The St. Regis Sanya Yalong Bay Resort OpeningNovember 01, 2011 Wanning CityFour Points by Sheraton Shenzhou Peninsula OpeningDecember 31, 2010 Sheraton Shenzhou Peninsula Resort OpeningDecember 31, 2010 Heilongjiang Daqing Sheraton Daqing Hotel OpeningJune 01, 2013 Henan Kaifeng Four Points by Sheraton Kaifeng OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 Luohe Four Points by Sheraton Luohe OpeningMay 01, 2012 Zhengzhou Aloft Zhengzhou Shangjie OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 Aloft Zhengzhou Zhengdong New District Opening January 1, 2014 Le Meridien Zhengzhou OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 Sheraton Zhengzhou Hotel OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 HubeiWuhan The Westin Wuhan Wuchang OpeningJune 01, 2013 Jiangsu Changzhou Sheraton Changzhou Wujin Hotel OpeningJuly 01, 2012 Jiangyin Sheraton Jiangyin Hotel OpeningNovember 01, 2010 Lianyungang Four Points by Sheraton Lianyungang OpenedApril 28, 2010 Nanjing The Westin Nanjing OpeningJanuary 28, 2011 Suzhou Four Points by Sheraton Siamesecang OpenedJune 30, 2010 Wuxi Sheraton Wuxi Binhu Hotel OpenedAugust 27, 2010 Yancheng Aloft Yancheng OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 Yangzhou Four Points by Sheraton Yangzhou Hanjiang Opening July 1, 2013 ZhenjiangSheraton Zhenjiang Hotel OpeningJune 01, 2013 Jiangxi Nanchang Sheraton Nanchang Hotel OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 Liaoning Dalian Aloft Dalian OpeningDecember 01, 2013 Sheraton Dalian Xinghai Hotel OpeningJuly 31, 2011 The Chengbao Hotel, Dalian OpeningJanuary 01, 2014 Macau Cotai Sheraton Macao Hotel, Cotai Strip OpeningNovember 01, 2011 Shaanxi Xian Sheraton Xian Da Ming Gong Hotel OpeningDecember 31, 2011 The Westin Xian OpeningOctober 01, 2011 Shando ng Qingdao Four Points by Sheraton Qingdao, Chengyang OpeningJanuary 01, 2012Four Points by Sheraton Qingdao, Jiaonan OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 Sheraton Qingdao Hotel OpeningDecember 01, 2012 Taian Four Points by Sheraton Taian OpeningNovember 10, 2010 Weifang Four Points by Sheraton Weifang OpeningJune 30, 2013 Yantai Aloft Haiyang OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 Sheraton Yantai sumptuous Beach Resort OpeningMarch 01, 2011 imprint shanghai Sheraton Shanghai Hongkou Hotel OpeningDecember 01, 2010 Twelve at Hengshan OpeningFebruary 01, 2012 W Shanghai The Bund OpeningJanuary 01, 2014 Shanxi Taiyuan The Westin Taiyuan OpeningJuly 01, 2012Sichuan Chengdu The St. Regis Chengdu OpeningJanuary 01, 2014 Tianjin Tianjin Sheraton Tianjin Binhai Hotel OpeningOctober 15, 2010 The Astor Hotel, Tianjin OpenedAugust 28, 2010 The St. Regis Tianjin OpeningOctober 01, 2011 Tibet (Xizang) Lhasa The St. Regis Lhasa Resort OpeningNovember 15, 2010 Yunnan Jinghong Sheraton Xishuangbanna Hotel OpeningJanuary 01 , 2013 Zhejiang Hangzhou Sheraton Hangzhou Wetland Park Resort OpeningMay 31, 2011 Huzhou Sheraton Huzhou South Tai Lake Resort OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 Ningbo The Westin Ningbo OpeningJuly 01, 2011Pinghu The Westin Nine Dragon Hill Resort, Zhejiang OpeningMarch 31, 2012 Taizhou Four Points by Sheraton Yuhuan OpeningJuly 01, 2012 Wenzhou Sheraton Wenzhou Hotel OpeningDecember 18, 2010 Wenzhou The Westin Wenzhou OpeningJanuary 01, 2012 India Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Four Points by Sheraton Visakhapatnam OpeningMarch 01, 2011 Sheraton Visakhapatnam Seaview Resort OpeningJuly 01, 2011 Gujarat Ahmedabad Aloft Ahmedabad, SG Road OpeningJanuary 01, 2011 Haryana Gurgaon The Westin Gurgaon, New Delhi OpenedOctober 01, 2010 Karnataka BangaloreSheraton Bangalore Hotel at Brigade Gateway OpeningMarch 01, 2011 Bengaluru Aloft Bengaluru Cessna Business Park OpeningJune 01, 2013 Aloft Bengaluru Whitefield OpenedAugust 15, 2010 Mysore Sheraton Mysore Hotel OpeningOctober 01, 2012 Maharashtra Lo navala Le Meridien Lonavala Resort OpeningJuly 01, 2013 Mahabaleshwar Le Meridien Mahabaleshwar Resort & Spa OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 Pune Four Points by Sheraton Pune, Nagar Road OpeningDecember 01, 2010 Punjab Amritsar Sheraton Amritsar Hotel OpeningDecember 01, 2013 Chandigarh Aloft Chandigarh Zirakpur OpeningJune 01, 2011Sheraton Chandigarh Hotel OpeningSeptember 01, 2012 Rajasthan Jaipur The Westin Jaipur Infotech City OpeningDecember 01, 2012 Udaipur Sheraton Udaipur palace Resort & Spa OpenedAugust 01, 2010 Tamil Nadu Chennai Aloft Chennai, OMR IT Expressway OpenedJuly 01, 2010 Coimbatore Aloft Coimbatore Singanallur OpeningMarch 01, 2011 West Bengal Kolkata The Westin Kolkata Rajarhat OpeningDecember 01, 2012 Indonesia Bali Bali Sheraton Bali Kuta Resort OpeningJanuary 01, 2013 Seminyak W Retreat & Spa Bali Seminyak OpeningDecember 15, 2010 Japan Miyagi SendaiThe Westin Sendai OpenedAugust 01, 2010 Osaka Osaka The St. Regis Osaka OpenedOctober 01, 2010 Malaysia Kuala Lumpu r The St. Regis Kuala Lumpur OpeningNovember 01, 2014 Sandakan Four Points by Sheraton Sandakan OpeningOctober 15, 2011 New Caledonia Bourail Sheraton New Caledonia Bourail Resort & Spa OpeningJanuary 13, 2013 Singapore Singapore W Singapore Sentosa Cove OpeningApril 30, 2012 South Korea capital of South Korea Sheraton Seoul D-Cube City Hotel OpeningSeptember 01, 2011 Taiwan Taipei Le Meridien Taipei OpeningNovember 01, 2010 W Taipei OpeningFebruary 14, 2011 ThailandAmphur Koh Samui capital of Thailand Aloft Bangkok Sukhumvit 11 OpeningApril 01, 2011 Bangkok Four Points by Sheraton Bangkok, Sathorn OpeningNovember 01, 2011 Four Points by Sheraton Bangkok, Sukhumvit 15 OpeningNovember 15, 2010 Le Meridien Suvarnabhumi Golf Resort & Spa OpeningDecember 01, 2011 The St. Regis Bangkok OpeningJanuary 15, 2011 W Bangkok OpeningMay 01, 2012 Koh Samui W Retreat Koh Samui OpeningNovember 01, 2010 Phuket Four Points by Sheraton Phuket, Panwa OpeningMarch 01, 2011 The Westin Siray Bay Resort & Spa, Phuket OpenedAugust 01, 2010 VietnamCam Ranh Bay The Westin Cam Ranh Resort & Spa OpeningJune 01, 2012 Ho Chi Minh City Le Meridien Saigon OpeningJuly 01, 2012 pic Central & South America Argentina Buenos Aires Buenos Aires The St. Regis Buenos Aires Opening June 30, 2014 long pepper Villarrica Villarrica Park Lake Hotel & Spa, Villarrica Opening December 1, 2010 Colombia Bogota Aloft Bogota Airport Opening January 1, 2012 Cartagena Sheraton Cartagena Opening March 31, 2012 sailor boy, Republic of Panama City The Westin Panama Opening September 1, 2012 The Westin Playa Bonita, Panama OpeningOctober 01, 2011 Peru CuscoPalacio del Inka OpeningJune 01, 2011 capital of Peru The Westin Libertador Lima OpeningMay 01, 2011 Urubamba Tambo del Inka Resort & Spa, Valle Sagrado OpenedMay 04, 2010 pic Europe Zaporozhye Four Points by Sheraton Zaporozhye Opening June 1, 2011 Austria Hof bei Salzburg Schloss Fuschl Resort & Spa, Fuschlsee-Salzburg OpenedMay 05, 2010 Belgium Brusse ls Aloft Brussels Schuman OpenedSeptember 01, 2010 France Paris W Paris opera house OpeningJuly 01, 2011 Germany Hamburg The Westin Hamburg OpeningJuly 01, 2012 Greece Athens W Athens Astir Palace Beach OpeningApril 01, 2012 Costa NavarinoThe Romanos, Costa Navarino OpenedMay 20, 2010 The Westin Resort, Costa Navarino OpenedJuly 01, 2010 Italy Malpensa Sheraton Milan Malpensa Airport Hotel & Conference Centre OpenedOctober 01, 2010 Milan W Milan OpeningMay 01, 2012 Latvia Riga Sheraton Riga Hotel Opening December 1, 2013 Poland Mikolajki Sheraton Mazury Lakes Resort OpeningDecember 01, 2013 Portugal Algarve The Westin Verdelago Beach, Spa & Golf Resort, Algarve Opening January 1, 2013 Russia Rostov-on-Don Sheraton Rostov-On-Don Hotel OpeningJune 01, 2012 SochiSheraton Sochi Hotel Opening June 1, 2013 St. Petersburg W St. Petersburg OpeningMarch 01, 2011 Switzerland Verbier W Verbier Retreat Opening January 1, 2013 Turkey Ankara The Luxury Collection Hotel, Ankara Opening Janua ry 1, 2011 get together Kingdom England London Aloft London ExCeL Opening January 1, 2012 W London Leicester Square OpeningFebruary 14, 2011 Middle East Jordan Amman W Amman Hotel OpeningJuly 01, 2013 Aqaba Al Manara, Aqaba OpeningOctober 01, 2012 The Westin Saraya Aqaba OpeningOctober 01, 2012 Pakistan capital of Pakistan Sheraton Islamabad Opening January 1, 2012Sheraton Islamabad Golf City Resort Opening January 1, 2012 pic Qatar capital of Qatar Le Meridien Doha Opening January 1, 2012 The St. Regis Doha OpeningMay 01, 2011 pic United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi The St. Regis Abu Dhabi Opening January 1, 2013 The St. Regis Saadiyat Island Opening October 1, 2011 The Westin Hotel & Spa, Abu Dhabi Opening October 1, 2011 W Abu Dhabi Opening January 1, 2012 Ajman The Ajman Palace, a Luxury Collection Hotel Opening October 1, 2012 Appendix 2 Article Starwood Hotels and Resorts Ranks No. 1 on iSixSigmas Best Places to Work ListStarwood Hotels and Resorts Ranks No. 1 on iSixSig mas Best Places to Work List FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE For more information, contact Jessica Harper, editor program in Chief 206-774-3685 editorial. com (at) isixsigma. com Miami, Florida (February 3, 2010) Starwood Hotels and Resorts, a global hospitality company with nearly 1,000 upscale properties worldwide, pull in the No. 1 spot on the list of iSixSigmas Top 10 Best Places to Work for Six Sigma professionals at the iSixSigma digestSummit today in Miami. Starwoods commitment to providing challenging cross-departmental opportunities for continuous improvement personnel, along with its policy of promoting Black Belts from within, truly makes it one of the premier companies for Six Sigma practitioners, said Jessica Harper, editor of iSixSigma. Katie Barry, associate publisher of iSixSigma, presented the award to Brian McGuire, major(postnominal) director of Hotel Operations and Six Sigma for Starwoods North America Division. Starwood which owns some of the most recognizable hote l brands in the world, including Sheraton, Westin, W, St.Regis, The Luxury Collection and Le Meridien was the first hospitality chain to launch a formal Six Sigma program, back in 2001. Today, Starwood is in the process of rolling out a Lean Six Sigma program to all of its properties worldwide. Companies on the Top 10 list, announced in December 2009, had to meet the highest standards for providing an outstanding Six Sigma program, culture, training, compensation, recognition and job satisfaction for employees. Making a repeat showing on iSixSigmas second-annual Top 10 list was 2008s overall winner McKesson Corp. , which earned the No. 2 spot for 2009.Other returning companies included Xerox Corp. (No. 3) and Vought Aircraft Industries (No. 5). Reflecting the growth of Six Sigma in healthcare systems, half of the companies on the list are involved in the pharmaceutical or healthcare provider industries (McKesson, Pfizer, Merck, Piramal healthcare and Cardinal Health). Highlights o f Starwoods top-rated Six Sigma program, as well as short profiles of the other nine finalists, will be published in the March/April 2010 eff of iSixSigma Magazine. Here are the rankings of the Top 10 list of iSixSigmas 2009 Best Places to Work 1. Starwood Hotels and Resorts (North America Division) . McKesson Corp. 3. Xerox Corp. 4. Ecolab Inc. 5. Vought Aircraft Industries Inc. 6. Pfizer Inc. 7. Merck & Co. Inc. 8. Piramal Healthcare Ltd. 9. Cardinal Health Inc. 10. Computacenter AG & Co. oHG iSixSigma will be accepting nominations later this year for the 2010 Best Places to Work list. Last modified on Sunday, 28 February 2010 0449 REFERENCES o http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/history2/82/Starwood-Hotels-Resorts-Worldwide-Inc. hypertext markup language o http//www. isixsigma. com/index. php? option=com_k2&view=item&id=802starwood-hotels-and-resorts-ranks-no-1-on-isixsigmas-best-places-to-work-list&Itemid=157 o http//www. ospitalitynet. org/news/4007061. hypertext markup langu age o http//www. corporate-ir. net/ireye/ir_site. zhtml? ticker=hot&script=410&layout=6&item_id=149848 o http//www. starwoodhotels. com/corporate/directory/new-hotels/all/map. html? sortType=region o http//www. businessweek. com/innovate/ study/aug2007/id20070830_103596. htm o http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/07_41/b4053096. htm o http//www. sixsigmacompanies. com/archive/six_sigma_at_starwood_hotels_amp_resorts. html o http//www. starwoodhotels. com/sheraton/careers/paths/description. html? category=200000304

Entrepreneurship Reflection Essay Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONFrom this reflection, I am glad that I came to this talk because this kind of discussion taught me a lot on how to be a good and excellent entrepreneur. Maybe before I came, the firstly think we im bit think afterward universe an entrepreneur is of cut across the profit that we gained. We n of all time think about the responsibilities as a Muslim to do the job properly and wisely. Sometimes the entrepreneur itself for tick to harbor the m maveny, to give zakat and otherwises. We only think that the profit that the vexation can give us. But we forget that everything come from Allah and everything is his. We do non absolutely deliver every single money that we earn. But of flux if we earn it by ourselves the money is ours, exactly if we do non give zakat, the money is postal code to us as a Muslim.2. REFLECTIONS ON KEY LEARNING imply2.1 Islamic entrepreneurship in that wish ar secrets to be a successful man of affairs which is following the way from the vaticinator Muhammad (pbuh).There argon 10 qualities of prophesier Muhammad in being a successful person in logical argument. First is honesty. Undoubtedly, no one can be more truthful and honest than the Messengers of God. Of course we mustiness be honest on doing put to works to get barakah from Allah on what atomic number 18 we doing.. spot is trustworthy. Trustworthiness further enhances the integrity and sound clean-living conduct that is inherent in the notion of honesty. Being trustworthy implies being honest, fair in dealings and punctual as good as honoring trusts and belongings promises and commitments. The third one is flexibility. He always sight justice and equity while he was tradingand avoided telling lies and fraud, which was the practised by many tradesmen. prophet Muhammad was never strict in his stemma dealings with others. Saib ibn al-Saib relates During the age of ignorance, I was his the Prophets trade partner, and I ready him the opera hat of t he partners in every respect.He neither argued with anyone nor was he persevere and nor did he blame anything on his partner. Fourth is his consciousness of responsibility. In a hadith reported by Abdullah b. Omar Prophet Muhammad said We be on the intact shepherds and we argon all(prenominal) responsible for those who ar under our hands (i.e. in our flocks). Fifth is good manner with his companions. The vaticinator was very close to his companions, and this is sound known when one reads the detailed reports about the prophets biography. The one-sixth one is prophet Muhammad always descryk his companions to shoot the breeze with them. The Prophet (pbuh) would consult his companions, and take their opinions and points of view into consideration in issues and matters for which no textual proofs were revealed. The prophet (SAW) was concerned about his companions and would make sure that they were well. If he was told about a companion who was sick, he would rush to visit him with the companions that were present with him.Seventh is Prophet Muhammad would serve himself such as washed his own clothes and milked his sheep. The Prophets excellent manners, not only made him serve himself rather, he would serve others as well. Next is he recognizes his companions skills. A good attractor is one who sees the positive traits of his team members and invests in them. This is exactly what the Prophet (pbuh) did with his companions. There are many types that show how the Prophet (pbuh) discovered where his companions excelled and how he utilise their potentials and wisely invested in them. The second last is correcting his companions mistakes.Correcting good deals mistakes is a Quranic guidance. The Quran has many references to situations in which a certain conduct is unholy and corrected. These situations apply to Muslims in general and to the Prophet (pbuh) himself. Last but not least is the gentleness of Prophet Muhammad. Gentleness is a key choice of Pro phet Muhammad (peace be upon him). When he wanted to teach his companions, he utilise a very wise method which involved both respect for the recipient of such knowledge without embarrassing him.2.2 Personality Type That berth to Your New VentureThere are 4 types of person after lots of researches has been done. First is scarlet. ruby is a sociable person. They laugh for the straining days, wise words when squeezed by the burden, creative, enthusiasm, and always consider the energy to start. Sanguine love to be popular. They view as a lot of friends. They love to talk, to perform, and befriend each other and they always unmatched. Sanguine love to be children forever. Second is choleric. Choleric is a strong person. They flip a strong leadership. They are faithful, brave, and have the freedom to be on ones own. They all forced and always want to make a change. Strong- bequeathed and assertive, ending oriented, well organized, and they dont really need friends.They always b e the superior one in the emergency time. Next is melancholic. Melancholies is a natural person. Depth to see the heart and soul of life. Artistic to appreciate the art. They are thoughtfully, analytical, serious, and have a talent. They are perfectionist, so they love details. Last but not least is phlegmatic. Phlegmatic is a peaceful person. They always stable, patient, and have a compassion for the other. They always keep calm, when the other was in confusion. They are humble, silent, controlled, good listener, and always happy with their life. They always be the mediator, and easy to get along with.2.3 SALES AND tradeFor sales and marketing, there are 4 marketing techniques that can boost up our business. First is product. In the case of services, the product is intangible, heterogeneous and perishable. Moreover, its production and consumption are inseparable. Hence, there is reach for customizing the offering as per customer requirements, and the actual customer encounter h ence assumes particular significance. Second is price. Of all the aspects of the marketing mix, price is the one, which creates sales tax all the others are costs. The price of an item is clearly an important antigenic determinant of the value of sales made. In theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the item on sale.Next is place. mystify is concerned with various methods of transporting and storing goods, and then making them available for thecustomer. Getting the reform product to the right place at the right time involves the scattering system. The choice of distribution method will depend on a variety of circumstances. The last one is furtherance. forward motion is the business of communicating with customers. It will provide information that will assist them in making a decision to purchase a product or service. The successful packaging increases sales so that advertising and other costs are scatter over a larger output. Though increased promotional activity is often a sign of a response to a fuss such as competitive activity, it enables an organization to develop and build up a succession of messages and can be extremely cost-effective.CRITICAL FINDINGS3.1 Islamic EntrepreneurshipIslam is a complete way of life. There is no separation amongst business and religion. Islam has its own entrepreneurship culture and guiding principles based on the Al-Quran and Al-Hadith to rent business operation. The aim of the group is to highlight the guiding principles of entrepreneurship in Islam, especially in the Arab heritage, by Al-Quran, Al-Hadith and the entrepreneurial ethics based on example of conducts from Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In business, entrepreneurs has to have objectives and targets but these are subservient to the net objective of acquiring the blessing of Allah s.w.t. In Islam, to indulge in business is to perform an obligatory duty (fardhu kifayah). Profits gained from the busine ss by entrepreneurs are merely incidental in the fulfillment of the fardhu kifayah.In business we must have a role seat so that their actions can scat us in our development stages of life and more so, they help us make meaningful decisions. Many children grow up imitating their role models behavior, for example, if they see their role model smoking, then they are probably to smoke. We as Muslims have our own role model that cant be changed even in another life none other than Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). There is no community has been without its righteous guides and teachers to help its people towards the truth and to lead them from the depths of darkness to the light of Islam. Aristotle believes that we learn to be deterrent example (virtuous) by modeling the behavior of moral people.Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) has maintained the shell characteristics in his roles as father, husband, friend, ruler, governor,teacher, statesman, protector of the weak, widows, and poor, a guide to the r ich, a defender of the orphans, and a servant of Allah. No one could ever equal the Prophet (pbuh) in the whole history of mankind and no one ever will, insha Allah.3.2 Personality Type That Suit to Your New VentureAs for me, I would akin meet innovative people, having works with bunch of friends so that we would not feel the works is burdensome for us and we in any case find that doing work in group is fun. As we know the more the merrier. Meeting new people will teach me to handle every kind or every type of people. I think the type of personality suits me best is ruddy. This is because I am a person who is very talkative an in addition extrovert. I am not good for keeping things inside. In the hereafter I have planned to work not only in the office but have opportunities to meet new people so that I can increase the number of friends. I withal akin to brotherlyize instead of having works in front of the computer for the whole day. I also tend to enjoy neighborly gatheri ngs. From the research, they state that sanguine personality is affected by chemical called dopamine, which makes these people intensely curious and creative. Their curiosity can be expressed in their love for indicant and different kinds of knowledge and they usually possess high amounts of energy, so they whitethorn seem restless and spontaneous.Some findings also stated that if you have a sanguine business personality, your strengths lie in your interpersonal relationships. Youve got people skills that are out of this world. People warm to you quickly and you understand how to make a good first impression. Your business relationships are solid and effective mixer media and net workings come easily to you. Youre probably very popular in your workplace amongst your co-workers as well as your clients. Even though like that, everyone must have their own negative sides in their own way. For sanguine we need a little help in the non-social aspects of owning a business. On Your Own we may have trouble foc using when youre working alone or you may find solo work wordy and tedious. Timeliness Sanguine tend to be chronically late. You may have trouble getting in on time or keeping up with your appointments. Like any other bad habits, the first measure is admitting that youve got a problem time management.Sanguine also often splutter with leadership positions if theyre too concerned with how their employees see them. Of course it would be some good sides of a person and some bad sides. But, with such an extroverted business personality, we should not be afraid to focus on networking and building strong customer relationships. Just make sure that were not losing sight on the other aspects of your business though your social interactions may have built your business, its the legwork that keeps it bearning. Your personality type energy affects everything in your life. It is how we interact with others, how we spend our free time, how we build relationships. It even affects how we do business. This is why we need Islam in our life so that we do not go astray from what we should do. And this is one of the reason why we must have to make Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as a role model so that we know why we do all of this on this earth.3.3 SALES AND MARKETINGFor IIC marketing and sales, they also follow the rules of marketing which are 4Ps.1. ProductThis stratum (2013)2 certificates, 10 diploma programs and 2 degree programs are offered. For December 2013, online executive diploma program will be opened. Next year supernumerary 2 certificate, 1 foundation, 7 diploma programs and 3 degree programs are offered for registered students. IIC also is IIUM branding which is apply Islamic values and also intense English classes.2. PlaceIIC is placed at Taman Batu Muda, Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur. Batu Caves is a center of Malaysia. This is because Batu caves is one of the most popular temple in the world. So people competency be easy to know the place of IIC b y searching it in the internet. This place also easy access by public transportation.3. PromotionThere are some promotions has been held by IIC which are advertisements in newspapers and receiving set stations, participating in gentilityal exhibitions locally and internationally and track bit while conduct briefing and interview session nationwide. IIC also promotes using telemarketing and Facebook. They also held some programs with school counselors to persuadethe students to join IIC. Registered agents also has been practiced in IIC promoting actions.4. PriceCertificate RM5,580Diploma RM14,260-RM18,400Degree RM42,000 (3 years), RM28,000 (2 Years) allowance fee of RM440/RM975- Cert/DiplomaRegistration fee of RM1,000/RM1,500- DegreeHostel give of RM250 per monthFrom the talk we can see that the sales and marketing part for IIC has been attached as listed above. It follows everything from the 4Ps.4. ACTION PLANAfter the speech given by the speakers, we can tell that IIC is a good high education institute because it is near to residential area and lots of facilities around the campus. This will ease the student of the institute to get the essential needs. As for me I will promote the institute to others as it offers the course that widely need in this global industries. This campus also offers a very conducive environs of studies to help the students to develop their critical and logical thinking as well as develop their creativity and good personal traits.I also thinking about joining the road tour with IIC so that I can get some experience about marketing and promoting. From the road tour, IIC will distribute goody bags to provide all the information needed for the customers. I also will help to promote IIC using social network as we can see internet is the fastest to air the information all over the cyber community.5. CONCLUSIONFrom the talk we can see that everything that has been discussed is important. First is they let us know that the qualit ies to be the best business man is we must have our role model which is Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) so that we will not go astray from what we should do and from we should be. They also taught us about the personality types exist so that we well prepared for anything discover in the future on how to overcome our emotion and our greediness and so on. Next is the 4Ps which are the most importantthings in marketing and entrepreneurship. 4Ps stands for product, price, promotion and place. Every aspect must be clear before we run any business so that we know what exactly going on to our business.

Rammed Earth

RAMMED EARTH Fionnadh McGonigle 0818555 content History (page 2) The Use of Rammed flat coat at heart the UK (pages 3 & 4) Rammed Earth as a Sustainable solid, Thermal and Insulation properties (pages 5 & 6 ) abide Protection (page 7) structure week o Aims (page 8) o Risk judgement (page 9,10 &11) o Prototype I (pages 12,13 & 14) o Prototype II (page 15) o Earth preparation (pages 15 &16) o Prototype III (pages 17, & 18) o Final W entirely (pages 19, 20 & 21) o Revised Risk sound shrewdness (page 22) certainty (pages 23, 24 & 25) Bibliography (page 26) Rammed Earth Historical Use The utilize of body politic itself in complex body position dates back thousands of years, the eldest recorded city Jericho was raise of body politic. The early recorded physical exercise of bonemed g cycle was by the Babylonians in 5000BC. part of the western portion of the Great W in every(prenominal) of China 300BC be create of rammed mo nonone coat. Almost every Europea n country has a history of rammed globe grammatical saying yet is usuall(a)y a temporal associated with arid beas. 780-1850 Rammed primer coat experienced popularity in the USA until can production of fire bricks and sawed nursing homeball bat became readily available. These materials were now favoured for being more(prenominal) than elegant and modern than employ rammed ball or dirt. However during World War I and the Great depression, supply shortages prompted a return to Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth remained fairly unpopular indeed(prenominal) until the 1970s when it began to be rejuvenated by the environmentally conscious.Despite Rammed Earths extensive use through out(p) history, its use is still non so popular within the UK. Reason for this is lifesizely repayable to architects/ Builders not go to beding comme il faut approximately the material and sticking to the familiar concrete, woodland and brick ways that they know, rammed existence muckle oftti mes also be perceived as having cruder finishing and not in accompanimenting with the uncase-sharp lined finished which atomic number 18 so practically preferred in to twenty-four hour periods architecture- Though with the appropriate shuttering clean finishes can be maked.Building with rammed priming coat is guideed to carry greater jeopardize and uncertainty, the material is yes, more suited to arid climates, but even in arid climates modern method of turn of events development rammed primer coat atomic number 18 being continually tried and tested e. g. in Australia. Rammed country is a absolutely viable and good material to be use within the UK at that transmit is a exact to draw and quarter past the reluctance to use and taste with it more here the climate presents a challenge which can be won in advanced(a) ways. pic The Use of Rammed Earth within the UKThings which destroy the wider use of Rammed humankind within the UK The vaster than average diaph ragm take for construction. The form proceeding and Labour prices. The climates high humidity climate Moderate external temperatures. Concerns which are had almost the careful detailing which can be required. Poor thermic resistance The need for external sm others to require increaseal insulation. Not all discolouration types are appropriate importation of soil for a rammed mankind construction pull up stakes significantly detract from its environmental credentials. The Quality rich person got required for rammed state constructions is rather high. Moisture movement can be fuck offd by high clay content. The UK has a couple of(prenominal) modern examples of rammed earthly concernly concern grammatical constructions relatively untested in this climate comparative to other countries. in that respect are currently no UK codes of lend aneself on rammed earth construction. Adding cement stabilisation can compromise its attributes as a sustainable mate rial. It can be baffling to find insurance for rammed earth construction. It needs to be kept dry during construction which can result in the need for passing roof structures. After construction this presents the needs for all overhangs or on undecided sights structures to protect from prevailing elements- can compromise esthetics. People hungry construction. round more high profile examples of rammed earth edifice in the UK collapse experienced problems e. g. the Eden project- over hangs were not big enough and the swagger back of rainwater has eroded most of the facade. Reasons why rammed earth would be chosen over other materials It distinct appearance. Natural and readily available. It has a low corporal energy. Rammed earth is hygroscopic due to high wet mass it go away regulate humidity. Post demolition unstabilised earth is reusable. Supports sustainable practices by use local soils. High Thermal mass though the extent of which has yet to be quantifi ed. Airtight construction is achievable. It can be considered a traditional form of construction. Modern methods vex and continue to be widely tried and tested overseas. An integrity of twist is expressed which is often lacking nowadays. Expression of cultural conditions. Acoustic properties- its dry density (pd) is typically 2,100 kg/m3 therefore the weighted sound reduction index (Rw) would be 58. 3dB 1 and olibanum more than satisfies Building regulations (2000), Doc E Resistance to the passing game of Sound. Other considerations when Using rammed earth Rammed earth is hygroscopic, therefore external cladding systems must be vapour permeable to allow for evaporation.Important for unstabilised borders and less so for stabilised smothers where stabilising agents will impair breathing, still it is go against to consider vapour permeable solutions for both instances to reduce chances of condensation build up on the inside face of insulation. Water resistance the need t o keep the structure dry post construction is dvirtuoso in conglomerate ways, large overhangs, plinths upon which the protect is constructed, rendering or cladding to the facade- these options will involve the structures sustainability, look and thermic mass.A comparison between the calculated U-values for both conventional masonry and beef up rammed Earth circumvent builds pic2 Rammed earth as a sustainable material CO2 Emissions are greatly reduced with the use of rammed earth, as foreign to cement which due to the need for burning limestone produces CO2 contributing about 10% of the global CO2 emissions. Rammed earth taking soil from the place not apply a stabiliser is the most sustainable method however the addition of a cement stabiliser is common practice and considered to reduce considerably the risk and uncertainty, cement is use making up 6-7% of the mix.The incarnate energy is low- its inherent recyclability and reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating lives. If the clay can be sourced from internet website, and is fitting whereforece it eliminates all transportations cost. If the clay is not so suitable, thus a stabiliser of cement can be added. If the soil on site is not at all suited for a rammed earth construction then clay can be transported to site- however both of these options will compromise the environmental integrity of the twist, the latter of which doing so quite considerably.Also due to the need for rammed earth to be kept dry at all times during construction there can be a need for temporary roof structures to keep the rain away, this will therefore pertain its sustainability. Depending also on what type of shuttering is used can lead to waste, for e. g. timber shutter although can be reused, its reuse is limited as it will become saturated from the moisture in the clay. Thermal Performances, Rammed earth has a high thermal mass bulwarks will naturally regulate both the i nternal temperature spaces, and can also regulate the temperatures of external spaces such(prenominal) as courtyards.Energy required to heat and cool a building can be greatly reduced if rammed earth is purported into the heating system, however the UK requires the addition of either internal or external insulation, this aside from affect the aesthetic of either facade it is fixed to, will compromise the thermal mass of the adjacent space. Structural Performance, whilst the structural strength and stiffness is compromised with increased uprooter content, if boded correctly and waterproofing mea current taken then rammed earth is abruptly capable of acting as a load drift structure.Rammed earth which is imported in not only contribute to the cost and environmental issue of transportation, it also leaves a scar on the decorate as it is being taken from elsewhere, e. g. a quarry, even if this is later turn into most manner of nature reserve it is still leaving a permanent cha nge to this landscape. Insulation in the UK there are a some(prenominal) examples of rammed earth combining insulation, most contemporary walls are unclad, but there is an increased need for insulation to be used in club with the thermal mass of the walls. Advantages disadvantages External Insulation Walls protected from weathering Loss of distinction appearance Ex fetchd thermal mass internally Loss of thermal mass externally- which is sometimes used to regulate temperatures of spaces such as courtyards familiar Insulation External appearance is maintained Loss of available thermal mass. Internal appearance compromised pic3pic4 Weather protection Weather needs to be drained away from walls Construction upon raised footings Avoidance of sites vulnerable to deluge Protecting wall from rain using adjoining elements e. g. roof overhangs proceed evaporation of moisture from walls Onsite which are considerably exposed there is a need to consider rain scr een cladding or render. Construction Week AimsThe aim of the work we did within the workshop was to question the building touch ones as a whole, by federal agency of both petite and large scale look-alikes, to push the presumed limitations of a material and its formwork, to not upright accept, that rules remove been pre firm, but to push for innovation. As we studied, the intellection of the builders yard allows for just this, mean a material can be taken and experimented with, in a specific location which possesses the uniform limiting factors as the actual site e. g. Climate and resources, and test particular sum of creating the desired construction earlier doing so, it is a hub for construction in the area- encouraging risk by means of experimentation rather than out casting it.The advantages of such an idea are that when a material can be experimented with it allows for greater representing and judgment of its limitation- rather than acceptance of existing limitation s, and therefore systems of constructing and spatial relationships can be explored. The community have a personal knowledge of the neighbourhood its temperament and needs, they are given the power to modify and contribute to it, their personal affixation means, as workmen they have a continued responsibility to the changes which occur with building in the area as well as livelihood of them. The populate who work together within the builders yard understand and achieve better quality meaningful results the workmen are uncommonly and specifically educated, and the buildings produced are, unlike much of the current construction possess a benignant quality, a warm character.The focus on the act of making allows for and organic evolution and a subsequent greater understanding of everything involved in the construction and about the materials. By making the rammed earth wall within the studio we were pushing the boundaries of predetermined limitations, re-examine the architectural production of rammed earth, and coming up with our own unique response. We explored the realistic use of material formwork by means of making and interrogatory personas on a humbled scale and then on progressively larger scales we see how it uniquely responds to specific methods thus learning learn how the material and structure can better work together, creating a victorious wall with fluid innovative requires, with lower embodied energy.Whilst making our wall every element was specifically make and tested and altered, until the best result were achieved, for example we experimented a lot with the sizes of our bookharges, trying to get them to sufficiently restrain the wall without damaging it when removing them, we were fortunate to stumble upon a size which not only did the job we required but more. This scenario is quasi(prenominal) to what take places in the builders yard it is this experimentation and risk taking which leads to the discovery and sometimes unexpect ed discovery of innovative solution and inventions. There can be other factors, such as guardianship cost brush up driving the invention of new materials and components. pic pic pic Prototype IAs a multitude did we met with Roland for a quick briefing on what direction we should take for our rammed earth wall, he suggested that we should first sit mickle together and come up with some ideas and sketches to make some exemplars, and that we should also sort out the earth so that it would be ready for when we begin construction. We discussed some ideas about what sort of shaped wall we would like to achieve, including some over ambitious ideas of constructing the walls then flipping it We agreed we wanted to design a wall to incorporate a curve, a variation in thickness of the wall from bottom to backsheesh. We divide into three assorts and set about coming up with a design separately and building a prototype to text these ideas. Once the earth and textile had been sorted we each returned to our prototypes, and began to each work out and first gear making our frame work. Our group decided to make a modeling by imposeting a .Semi Lunar shape to incorporate some variation in thickness throughout the wall the . Assembling a frame to which we could pin the fabric to at intervals after each period of . Ramming. The Idea was that one side of the wall would be taut and quite flat and the . other we would periodically place round ties to restrain the wall and create an undulating shape to it. picpicpic Basic mannequin Difficulties with attaching fabric and supporting wind Excessive budging over buttons. Issues highlighted by Prototype 1 First of all we needful to add hike up supports as the structure was not as stable as hoped. Tight spaces need to re- sound off to consider a pneumatic rammer fitting inside the formwork/ framework. The way the formwork was constructed some of the supports hindered the pinning of the fabric to wood. The button and tie system we used was not as successful as we hoped- we relyd this to be down to the size of the woody buttons being too small in diameter , which resulted in them become stuck under the overhanging rammed earth and were difficult to remove without causing constipation to the wall. They did not restrain the width of the wall much either, this was also partly due to us leaving the rove too long. Also initially we put on the ties without the wooden disc which resulted in a serious overhang. When we were ramming the earth we did so by hand, using some voices of wood with flat ends, the highlighted another problem-as due to the way the framework was constructed we had a parting of wood running across the top we do manoeuvring a human being of wood let alone a pneumatic rammer difficult. Despite having made a definite shape in the beggarly board, to influence the shape of the wall- it in truth had no effect as the fabric took its own shape. The need to be taught correctly how to mix the earth and test it. The need to not put too much earth in at each layer as the lower down parts were not getting properly compressed pic pic Prototype IIThis prototype consisted of 3 wooden sides and a wooden base cut with a curve the fabric was then pinned to the front and around the curve the idea being that pinning the fabric to the curved base would create a curved facade. However this prototype was pretty unsuccessful it suffered structural issues and was not substantial enough to withstand the pressure of the rammed earth inside, as it was precisely nailed together. The fabric also failed to restrain the form of the wall and budged with slim shape. other issue was that as this prototype required a wooden base down the stairs it, -not so practical In reality this would be plausibly to make the wall less structurally sound- and would be pretty unaccepted to remove as a rammed earth wall is extremely ponderous. In conclusion this wall was a failure. pic SOIL T ESTING picCompressing the soil then dropping from arms length away. EARTH PREPARATION Whilst making the first prototype our earth was not of the correct consistency which resulted in our wall crumbling a bit. We had used the earth which we had moved indoor on day one we added some water to the clay- thinking this would help the earth-stick and compact better. It wasnt until Rowland came on the 3rd day and was able to tell us immediately, the mistakes we had made, and then showed us the correct for mixing, preparing and testing the earth. We broke down our prototypes re good turn the earth to the pile and also broke down the previous years pillars so the soil could be recycled. pic picAt first we used the pneumatic rammer to belong down these pillars- this was also our first encounter with using the pneumatic rammer, so we learned some general things about using it guard duty precautions with turning it on and off, how it must be held, and despite having identified issues of saf ety in our risk perspicacity not many precautions were taken wearing of safety clothing/boots/goggles. We then began to break it up further using shovels and spades- a lot of dust had been created by this process so we got buckets of water and using bottles threw water over the earth and clay. Once it had all been broken down we began to mix it altogether whilst adding water at the same time. The earth needed to be constantly moved and shovelled thoroughly so that its would be of the same consistency throughout. When the appearance of the mix changed and seemed to be getting culture to what we wanted it looked darker and less dry and dusty, we began to testing it.To test the soil we picked up a handful squeezed it tightly between both hands, then safekeeping it at arms length away from the body- arm held solid dropped the earth from this natural elevation and if it broke into 3 main pieces then we would know that it was ready to ram. It took several testing remixing / add ing extra moisture attempts before we did get the earth just right. We also needed to continue testing the earth as over the days it could dry out so we regularly mixed the soil and tested it adding water when necessary. PROTOYPE III On the leash day, when Rowland came and saw each of our sub groups prototypes. He was able to give us feedback, and give us some explanation to why some things had occurred which we hadnt expect. In our prototype the spacing of the buttons presenting some issues, as did the several elements of the framework.As a group with the help of Rowland we began work on another prototype, again involving a curve, this time a more defined one with the hope it would have an impact on the shape of the wall. This time however we were to make are formwork as minimal as possible. At first we used just both pieces of wood placed either side of the fabric, and at the other end we used medallion to sew it up. Sewing a few inches at a time, to make manoeuvring the pneu matic rammer easier. It was then decided we would place a piece of timber at one end-to achieve a flat surface. We spaced the buttons further apart from each other and more evenly spaced. We made planned the wall so it would be 1. 5m long but due to the excess budging which occurred it was approx 1. 2m in length and 1. m high, we positioned 3 rows of 2 button / drag equally spaced. Also when with the previous prototype when we placed the locomote only did so and then proceeded to ram the earth, however this presented a problem when it came to trying to remove then- it was really not possible to remove then without serious damage to the wall occurring. So to stay off this problem, we used some tractile tubing, through which the travel would sit, this would allow use to remove the threads and re use them again within the same wall. When using these we had to be careful whilst ramming and not hit or cause excess pressure on the threads as they could break or bend. picpicpicpicTub ing covering Threads Button buckling under pressure sewing of one side wooden panel at other side When ramming the wall we added a few inches of earth at a time, making sure that it was even first then rammed it until it compressed down and then added the adjacent layer- it is quite a long process. It was necessary to ram the edges first keeping the rammer moving at all times moving from the edges inwards, ramming around the thread/tubes until it was at a point where enough earth was above the thread it was safe to ram on top. This prototype was largely successful the few things were again highlighted which we would resolve within the goal piece.Again something highlighted by the buttons was that because of the way we made them- 75mm diameter, bigger than in the first prototype, but they were made using threadlike wood than before and due to the pressure of the rammed earth above the buttons- they had really buckled and bent. This however was a positive thing as they both allow ed them to be outback(a) easily-and without damaging the wall, and also created a nice effect on the wall aesthetically. pic picFinal Wall We had been quite successful in our final prototype so our intention was pretty much scale this up for our final wall. We began by cutting a piece of timber to create a hole sized 1. m by 300mm, to which the fabric which we had cut 4m x 2. 2m was then pinned to the underside of the piece of wood- to keep it in place and still during ramming. We used on piece timber 2m x 300mm on one end which we nailed to the fabric and base board at One end, to achieve our flatter surface, and on the other end, we used the method of sewing to create a more curvaceous crafted appearance. The fabric was sewn at intervals, approx 30mm at a time. The Earth which we had prepared as outlined- in Earth preparation, had 2-3 battalion constantly functional to keep its consistency and moisture content even, and at interval shovel it into the structure.Earth was filled and evened out at approx 15mm at a time and then rammed and compressed down. Two population were needed to ram at all times, with 2-3 supporting mess, holding material, and also as we got high and higher- needed to help hold and steel the pneumatic rammer as it became more and more difficult with height. The process of ramming would begin once the earth had been levelled, mendicancy at edges and moving systematically towards the centre, taking care when approaching the plastic tubes containing the treads and attached to the buttons- directly ramming above them could cause them to bend and distort the shape and support they gave.At 350-400mm vertical spacings buttons and threads were attached, piercing the fabric with a knife to create a hole through which the threads within their plastic tubes were placed, to the end of these on the exteriors of the fabric were placed the buttons, which were had cut 75mm in diameter using a piece of thin piece of wood approx 7mm thick. These bu ttons, along with supporting washers and bolt could later be removed along with the actual thread, and reused. The buttons etc were placed at 300mm horizontal intervals. The Spacing was determined from out prototype as the best spacing to create enough support, least uncontrolled bulging, without over restraining the structure.This added the restraint of the wall, the crafting of curvaceous shapes and ease of removal of components. The making of the wall comprised of adding earth the earth then ramming and repeating this process until 350-400mm height was achieved, then addition of the threads and buttons and repeating again until we reached 2m height. both the while we also were constantly maintaining and controlling the earth consistency by turning, adding moisture and regularly testing as explained earlier. As we reached higher more people were required to aid the steering and supporting of the pneumatic rammers, but as we had less soil we were able to sacrifice people from thi s.In reality on a larger scale project this may not be a solution that could work, however as our means of make higher and higher was a series of standing on chairs and then tables and even some risque chairs on table, this would definitely not happen on a real site as it would most surely be violating all sorts of health and safety rules, adequate scaffolding would be used and people the people working on ramming and earth maintenance would remain constant. Once the wall had been rammed until the top and almost all of our soil supply had been used, we were able to take down the fabric formwork, which took comparatively little time to assembly and construction. We unscrewed the buttons removing them which care just in case. hey had in the same way with the prototype buckled under the strain and had curved round so once removed left a beautiful perfectly ball like shape, and we quite easy to removing, causing no damage to the structure, after that we cut the fabric to remove it, it was very easy on the side with the wood, coming away leaving a very flat surface, on the other side, some more care was taken not to damage the imprint of the sewing, though more care was taken than was probably needed- the deceptively soft look of the wall made one think it might just crumble away, which was of course not the case, it was more fragile at edges such at the ends that were sewn, but very durable. The only part of the wall which really presented any issues when removing the fabric was the bottom, of course the fabric pinned beneath could not be removed, but as the wall had bulged over the wooden base trapping fabric below, we had to cut around the bulges leaving fragments of the fabric stuck beneath- it was just impossible to remove, but they were not noticeable after edges were trimmed, and incomplete affected the strength or overall appearance of the wall.The only conditional relation if would have in real building sites would the amount of fabric salvaged from e ach construction would be less , and whilst it could be reused, the size of fabric over time would shrink and shrink. pic The changes to the design we did make from our previous prototype were We cast out the idea of incorporating the curve as in every attempt so far had been unsuccessful, having no affected on the shape of the wall. So we only if cut a straight rectangular shape into our baseboard. Rather than having two pieces of wood either side of the fabric then bolted together and the piece of timber then placed inside the piece, we used the one piece of wood at one end and attached the fabric to that. As the wall was going to be longer we would be using 3 button / threads per row and having 4 rows We stuck with the method of sewing up the other side as it had been quite successful in the last wall, however in the final wall throughout the process of ramming it became patent that it was leaning quite a bit particularly at the top of the wall- as can be seen in the final p hotograph. picFINAL WALL pic Conclusion During the course of construction we learned a lot about building with rammed earth. Before this week I believed that building the wall would be a lot more complicated than it actually is, and I found it winning at how much could be achieved with some Fabric, thread, very little wood, some buttons and some earthIt was interesting the affect that the stitching, buttons and wood had on the wall- a very unique finish could be achieved and the structure was so strong and solid despite of it looking much like a goliath cushion. The first thing we did in preparation for construction week was our risk assessment- however despite highlighting various precautionary measures we should take in reality we took almost none. However I think that the risk assessment was still quite accurate in assessing the risk it was wrong not to observe the suggested measures. We did at times wear goggles when the dust simply made it impossible to see what we were doin g when ramming, and we did take great care when using the ramming equipment as its use carried the most danger. But in the end I think fashion won out over the use of goggles, masks, boots and gloves.The Buttons which we used were probably the most successful thing that came out of our construction week. Although by complete accident. Because we had used a thinner piece of wood for our buttons in the final prototype when we rammed the wall the buttons buckled under the pressure and at first we thought that this was another failure, but in the end it turned out this worked in our favour- they were easy to remove without damaging the wall, but also gave a very clean nice rounded indentation- success picpic pic The Rammed Earth wall and construction methods we used differs from the conventional way in which a rammed earth wall is made by using fabric as formwork as opposed to wood or metal as is the norm.Within UEL the students and staff are pioneering the use of fabric formwork with rammed earth which has otherwise been left unexplored as a method. In previous year in UEL students and staff have also experimented with fabric to make rammed earth columns. The use of fabric in other construction methods such as concrete has been successful, well true and used more and more in various new and innovative ways. The wall which we built was largely a success in all aspects of shape, height, strength and texture. Making it very possible that this project, could lead the way for further use of fabric formwork within the field of rammed earth constructions.It has been proven successful and there is no reason that this method could not be espouse as a viable means of construction in mainstream rammed earth constructions. The Reasons why constructing a rammed earth wall using fabric is better than current method are numerous ? Sustainability ? The use of low embodied energy rammed in conjunction with fabric resulted in an ultra bionomic combo. ? The fabric can be used a nd reused, as can the buttons and threads ? Beauty ? Sculpted texture created when using fabric can be quite desirable, and will be depending upon specific fabric choice ? The posture of the buttons will also impact upon the finished appearance. The effect achieved with our wall was that of a large cushion As there are fewer limitations on the size of fabric which can be used as there are when using wood where marks from joints are unavoidable. ? Rapid construction and deconstruction of formwork. ? Fewer things are needed to construct a wall when using fabric, so in principle this method could be used in obscure locations where communications are poor, as transpiration would not pose as much of a problem as it would if using heavy bulky formwork, provided of course the earth could be found on site. ? expense Fabric is less expensive than conventional formwork, fabric formwork is approx 1/twenty-fifth 5 the cost of dimensional lumber ? Less Weight- weighting approx 1/300th6 of str ict formwork. There are too, reasons why using fabric formworks may not be favoured. ? Manpower The way in which we constructed our wall required people to do various different things simultaneously, ramming, holding the fabric to keep it tense, shovelling the earth into the wall, turning the soil to maintain moisture consistency. In general at any one time we required 7-8 people so building on a larger scale could present issues of number of people required. Although alternative method of turning the soil or holding the fabric could be adapted. ? Appearance ? The fabric restrained appearance may not be appropriate to the design and desired look. ? Height restrictions ? Whilst there are no specific height restrictions associated with fabric form work- it is an aspect of this construction method- yet to be explored fully- our wall was just less than 2m, what would happen when the height would be increased?Would there be significant implication affecting thickness of the wall? Budging is not as controlled with fabric as with wooden formwork. One of the great things I saw from our construction week was working together with a set of people for one week for a common goal- we achieved so much, learning from each other sharing ideas and testing them, One can really see how this is in some small way how the builders yard idea must function, and therefore I would believe it to be a really successful idea. If a small group of people in one week can create this unique rammed earth wall- then communities of people working together on projects of greater long-term significance to them i. e. heir homes their neighbourhood the places they will spend their lives, with such vested interested interests, and working on larger scales over longer periods should be creating all sorts of innovative building techniques, materials and components. Bibliography Buildings of Earth and Straw structural design for Rammed Earth and Straw Bruce King Introduction to health and safety in Cons truction P. Hughes Martin Rauch Rammed Earth Kapfinger, Otto Rammed Earth Design and Construction guidelines Peter Walker, Rowland Keable Rammed Earth Structures a code of justice Julian Keatle The Architect Builder The rammed earth house / Photographs by Cynthia Wright David EastonTS Intuition & Process Peter Salter analyze Re-viewing the builders yard as a place for design and Visualization Charlie Hailey, Ph. D. www. eartharchitecture. org/ www. earthstructures. co. uk www. greenspec. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. wordpress. com www. listserv. repp. org/pipermail/greenbuilding www. rammed-earth. info www. rammedearth. davis. net. au www. terrafirmabuilders. ca 1 http//www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf 2 http//www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf 3 www. greenspec. co. uk 4 www. greenspec. co. uk 5 www. fab-form. com 6 www. fab-form. com