Research Plan Essay

Back state of the StudySolid boast management is increasingly seen as a major issue in the country repayable to laid-back rates of urbanization and increasing per capita solid waste propagation with greater affluence (Petnamsin, et al., 2000). A major fraction of solid waste is resin based elastic. Plastics posses many properties such(prenominal) as piddle foeman and long life, that makes them perfect atomic number 50didates for packaging. Unfortunately, the properties that make this crossing suitable for packaging overly atomic number 18 the major cause of the environmental problems related to packaging.Given the replete(p) use of plastics, the magnitude of the environmental problem is large and long terms. The choices for relations with this waste are limited as incineration of plastic polymers invariably results in the generation of toxic emissions (Srorith, et al., 2000). The only visible solution is to bury the tangible in landfills. However, this approach is also limited because of the resistant nature of plastic to biological degradation.Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a popular fruit-crop that is widely heavy(a) in tropical areas. Often, its microbes are discarded because of the preferred well(p)-flavored yellow overbold bulb for consumption. The seeds have high carbohydrate and protein content, hence, an abundant extraction of amylum (Kurian, 2010). Starch is identified as a key natural product for the yield of perishable plastic (Pranamuda, et al., 2006).Based on the above information, the researchers obstinate to do research work on stiffen-based perishable plastic from seaman seeds. Henceforth, there is a need to establish the additive property of stiffen from shit seeds as scientific basis for its use in the return of biodegradable plastic.Objectives of the StudyThe charter lead aim to find let out if jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.seeds can be a main section in the return of biodegradable plastic . Specific al sensationy, the select allow 1. determine the power of amylum from jackfruit A.heterophyllus Lam. seeds at alter concentrations as additives in the production of biodegradable plastic. 2. compare the mechanical properties between the produced biodegradable plastic from amylum of jackfruit A.heterophyllus Lam. seeds, and commercially lively plastic, polyethylene in terms of tractile strength, flammability, s vegetable oil biodegradability and song test. 3. compare the effects of acids and bases and native solvents between produced biodegradable plastic from stiffen of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene.Hypotheses of the StudyThe spare-time activity hypotheses go forth be put forward1. There is no solid end in the efficacy of starch from jackfruit seeds at varying concentrations in the production of biodegradable plastic. 2. There is no significant difference on the mechanical properties between the produced biodegradable plasti c from starch ofjackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene in terms of bendable strength, flammability, soil biodegradability and air test. 3. There is no significant difference on the effects of acids and bases and organic solvents between produced biodegradable plastic from starch of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic polyethylene.Significance of the StudyThe results of the study would be beneficial and facilitative to the manufacturing plastic industries because it would relieve negative effects of overproducing plastics. By changing its fond materials and components, commercial plastic may be im prove so that it would pay off biodegradable while retaining its good quality. Moreover,this component from starch of jackfruit seeds would care in the natural decomposition of plastic raw materials. Thus, a expedient way of minimizing waste management problem in the country, more so, the high demand for plastics would give the world the hazard o f garbage problem, therefore, utilizing starch from jackfruit seeds as component in the production of biodegradable plastics would be the relation answer.Scope and Limitations of the StudyThe study leave behind focus only on the starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruitA.heterophyllus Lam. seeds. It ordain be conducted at the Physics/ chemistry Laboratory of Antique National School, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique from July 15, 2011 to September 30, 2011.The variables to be evaluated allow for be the effect of starch from jackfruit seeds at varying concentrations for the production of biodegradable plastic the mechanical properties between the produced biodegradable plastic from starch of jackfruit seeds and commercially prepared plastic, polyethylene in terms of tensile strength, flammability, soil biodegradability and air testthe effects of acids and bases and organic solvents between the produced biodegradable plastic from the starch of jackfruit seeds and commerciall y prepared plastic, polyethylene.Analysis of partitioning (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) forget be utilise as statistical tools to identify the significant differences among treatment means and their interactions at 0.01 and 0.05 levels of significance, respectively. commentary of TermsBiodegradable.A substance or property of the produce plastic in the study that can be broken down into simpler substances by the activities of biography organisms for decomposition.Plastic. An end product obtained mainly as a result of the study employ starch from jackfruit seeds as main component fuse with other components for biodegradable formation.Starch. A complex carbohydrate extracted from jackfruit seeds and utilise in the study for the production of biodegradable plastic.Polyvinyl Alcohol. An odorless, colorless, tasteless, thermoplastic synthetic resin used in the study that is soluble in pissing and water system-insoluble in common organic solvents.Glycerol. A simple st trihydric and commonly called glycerin in commercialform that is used in the study for the production of biodegradable plastic.CHAPTER 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE later cutting talahib pulps into actually small pieces, they were combined with incompatible chemicals such as polyvinyl alcohol, sodium hydroxide in aqueous solution, glue, and glycerine to produce biodegradable plastics with different amounts of talahib pulp. (Valdez, 2009).A study determined the effectiveness of cassava starch as component of biodegradable plastic. Results confirmed that cassava starch is ideal as tests proved its worth (Romero, 2007).It was known that starch-based packaging materials are produced from extrusion or coalescency technology and have been developed as a substitute for polystyrene in producing loose-filters and other expanded items. The type of starch and synthetic polymer as well as their relative proportions in the blends may influence the properties of the resulting plastics (Sri roth and Sangseethong, 2003).Some physicochemical and rheological properties of jackfruit seed dredge and starch, specifyd from the flour were investigated. The flour had good capacities for water absorption and oil absorption. Flour from jackfruit seed was prepared by dry milling. It is high in protein and carbohydrate contents. The flour has good water and oil absorption abilities (Tulyathan, 2002). The range of possible applications for starch plastics is restricted by their sensitivity tomoisture and water contact and high water vapour permeability.The biodegradability of starch plastics largely depends on the biodegradability of the copolymer. High copolymer content can adversely affect biodegradability due to the complex interaction of starch and polyester at the molecular level (DegliInnocenti&Bastioli, 2002). Starch is unique among carbohydrates because it occurs naturally as trenchant granules. This is because the short branched amylopectin chains are able to form coile d structures whichcrystallize. Starch granules exhibithydrophilic properties and strong inter-molecular association via hydrogen soldering due to the hydroxyl groups on the granule surface (Daniel et al., 2000).Jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. is a popular fruit-crop that is widely grown in the Philippines and other tropical areas. The mellow fruit contains well-flavored yellow sweet bulbs which are consumed novel or svelte into canned products and seeds embedded in the bulb. Seeds make up around 10-15% of the chalk up fruit weight and have high carbohydrate and protein content and are normally discarded or steamed and eaten as a bite or used in some local dishes. As fresh seeds cannot be kept for a long time, apply them as source of starch is advisable (Bobbio et al 1978). Based on the above look back of related literature, there is a need to conduct a study on starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seeds and because in all stu dies, nothing has been mentioned about jackfruit seeds as component of biodegradable plastics.CHAPTER 3MATERIALS AND METHODSThe flow of processes on starch-based biodegradable plastic from jackfruit Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. seeds is shown in Figure 1.Collection and Preparation of look for Materials, Tools and EquipmentThe researchers allow for collect ternary (3) kilograms of jackfruit seeds from the source for two (2) days before the conduct of the study. These pass on be brought to the Physics/Chemistry Laboratory of Antique National School, San Jose de Buenavista, Antique.technically grade ethanol, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide, ammonia, distilled water, chlorine, polyvinyl alcohol, epoxydized soy edible bean oil, and glycerol ordain be obtained from chemworks, Inc.Jaro, Iloilo City prior to the conduct of the study.The other materials and equipment unavoidable will be mortar and pestle, grinder, beakers, alcohol lamp, rolling pin, aluminum foil, brainchild rod, molders, spring balance, double beam balance, tray, plastic cups, graduated cylinder, stopwatch, and earnest plate.Research Procedure/ Experimental DesignThree (3) kilograms of jackfruit seeds will be rinsed and washed in running water and will be dry for twenty-four (24) hours at room temperature. after(prenominal) air-drying, the seeds will be skin manually. Then the seeds will be cut into smaller pieces and ground using an electric grinder. The ground jackfruit seeds will be added with water interest the ratio 12, one (1) liter of distilled water to two (2) kilograms of ground jackfruit seeds. The compartmentalizations will be placed inside the beaker for decantation for three (3) hours.After decantation, the supernatant will be discarded and the settling material will be collected and placed in an evaporating dish for the starch sediments to settle. This will be sun-dried for five (5) hours to let the water evaporate all in all. After the evaporation proc ess, the collected starch sediments will be ground using mortar and pestle until it will turn into powdered form. The produced starch will be weighed and placed in a sterilized container ready for auditionation. deliberate amount of the water and jackfruit starch based on different treatments will be mixed and boiled using a keen plate at eighty (80(C) degrees Celsius until it will form into a steamy paste. After removing the starch-water mixture from the hot plate, the rest of the materials will be added such as polyvinyl alcohol, epoxydized soya bean oil, and glycerol. After mixing all the materials, the mixture will be heated again using a hot plate at a temperature of one hundred eighteen to one hundred twenty (118-120(C) degrees Celsius for seven (7) minutes. Then it will pass through a rolling pin and transferred to containers for sun-drying process until the plastic will be formed. The plastic will be cut into strips (3 cm wide by 5 cm long) for mechanical property, effec ts of acid and base, and organic solvents tests, respectively.The experiment will use five (5) treatments with three (3) replicates each.The duration of the experimental activities will be seventy-eight (78) days that will begin on July 15, 2011 and will end on September 30, 2011.The five (5) treatments that will be used in the study are as follows. Treatment A = snow grams starch + snow grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment B = 75 grams starch + 100 grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment C = 50 grams starch + 100 grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment D = 25 grams starch + 100 grams water + 100 grams polyvinyl alcohol + 2.5 grams epoxydized soya bean oil +10 grams glycerin Treatment E Control Commercial plastic (polyethylene)Gathering of selective informationThe cut samples of the produced biodegradable plastic will be subjected to the following testsFlammability Test. The strips of the produced biodegradable plastic and commercial plastic with the same dimensions will be completely burned using alcohol lamp and the burning time will be noted.Soil Biodegradability Test. The plastic strips will be stapled to a piece of artificial and will be buried in a can of soil. The strips will be unearthed after a week and the final dimension will be recorded.Tensile Strength Test. The plastic strips will be hooklike to a spring balance and will be pulled until they will shoot down apart. The reading of the balance when the plastic strips will break will be recorded.Effects of Strong and Weak Acids and Strong and Weak Bases.The plastic strips will be immersed in concentrated strong/ clean acids and strong/weak bases for thirty (30) minutes. Changes in length, width, and appearance will be noted.Organic resolvent Tests. The plastic strips will be immersed in a bottle ofchlorinated water/ethanol. The bottle will be sealed so as to isolate its contents from the external environment. After a week, their final dimensions will be noted.